无意识连接学习及其意识上的影响

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	无意识连接学习及其意识上的影响
其他题名	Unconscious Contingency Learning and Its Conscious Impact
	徐茜
	2013-05
摘要	连接学习(contingency learning)是一种重要的生存能力，习得线索和目标之间的连接有助于我们根据线索对后续的目标事件做出预测。不断有研究发现对不可见刺激的条件反射学习、内隐的线索有效性学习等，因而本研究旨在探讨无意识连接学习的可能性及其意识上的影响。研究一中，我们采用点探测范式(dot probe paradigm)的变式，并结合连续闪烁抑制范式(Continuous Flash Suppression paradigm, CFS paradigm)，发现观察者可以在完全看不见面孔的情况下，仍能习得有效面孔线索和随后相同位置出现的光栅之间的空间关系。研究二发现，对于不可见的光栅线索也发现了类似的连接学习，并且这种无意识学习能够在一定程度上影响两张线索图片在双眼竞争中的主导地位：当恐惧面孔是有效线索时，在学习后的双眼竞争中，有效面孔（能够有效预测目标的面孔）的绝对主导时间显著更长，而且相对于无效面孔的主导时间比例比学习前有显著ᨀ高，这暗示有效面孔在学习后的视觉表征得以增强；并且，有效面孔的表征增强并非面孔的低级物理特征或者性别特征的增强，而是对面孔情绪信息的表征得以增强。不过，当有效线索是中性面孔或光栅时，没有发现对双眼竞争的调制效应。研究三的结果表明，无意识学习会改变对面孔的时间知觉：当恐惧面孔是有效面孔时，学习后相比于学习前，对有效面孔表现出显著的时距缩短效应，这说明，学习恐惧面孔后，有效面孔相对于无效面孔在学习后比学习前更加吸引注意。研究四采用 fMRI 手段更为直接地发现：学习之后，右侧梭状回对有效面孔相比于无效面孔的相对表征强度有接近显著的ᨀ高，表现为观看面孔图片时右侧梭状回对恐惧面孔的 BOLD 信号相对幅度在学习之后有接近显著的ᨀ高。以上结论均一致表明在我们的实验情境下无意识连接学习可以发生，且能继续在一定程度上影响意识上的视觉加工，这种影响更强地发生在具有生物意义的刺激上。
其他摘要	Contingency learning is an important ability for our survival. The acquisition of contingencies between cues and targets could help us predict target events according to observed cues. Amounting evidence showed that classical conditioning could occur for invisible stimuli, and cue-target contingency could be learned implicitly. Therefore, the current study aims to explore the possibility of unconscious contingency learning and its modulation on conscious visual processing. In Study 1, adopting a modified version of dot probe paradigm in conjunction with Continuous Flash Suppression (CFS) paradigm, we found that observers could learn the contingency between a completely invisible face cue and the following Gabor patch target at the same location with the face cue. Study 2 found that for invisible Gabor patch cues, similar contingency learning was established. Moreover, this type of unconscious learning could influence the dominant status of the contingent cue (the cue predicting the target’s location) in binocular rivalry to some extent. When the contingent cue was the fearful face, it enjoyed longer dominance time during rivalry with the noncontingent face, and its relative proportion of dominance time than the non-contingent face after learning than before. This implicates that the contingent face’s representation is intensified after learning. In addition, we demonstrated that it’s the representation of emotional information of the contingent face that is intensified, but not physical, low-level features’ or gender information’ representation. Nevertheless, when the contingent cue was the neutral face or Gabor patches, the modulation effect disappeared. Study 3 found that the unconscious learning could shape time perception of the contingent face. When the contingent face was the fearful face, it showed a significant temporal compression effect after learning than before. It means that after learning the fearful face, the contingent face attracts more attention than the non-contingent face after learning. Study 4, adopting fMRI technique, more directly revealed that after learning the relative representation strength of the contingent face compared with the non-contingent face got nearly significantly intensified, indexed by higher relative BOLD amplitude in rFFA (right Fusiform Face Area) when viewing the contingent fearful face compared with the non-contingent neutral face after learning than before. The above findings all provided converging evidence that unconscious contingency learning could happen in our case and it could exert influence on conscious visual processing to some extent, which is stronger for the stimuli with biological significance.
学科领域	认知神经科学
关键词	连接学习无意识点探测范式连续闪烁抑制范式双眼竞争时间知觉右侧梭状回
学位类型	硕士
语种	中文
学位专业	心理学
学位授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
学位授予地点	北京
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/19752
专题	认知与发展心理学研究室
作者单位	中国科学院心理研究所
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	徐茜. 无意识连接学习及其意识上的影响[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院,2013.

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