中国科学院心理研究所机构知识库

在日常的社会交流和人际交往过程中,社会性注意发挥了重要的作用.孤独症谱系障碍患者是一类表现出社交障碍的群体,社会性注意的缺失是否导致他们异常的社交行为是社会注意领域的研究重点之一.一些研究表明,孤独症谱系障碍患者不仅缺乏正常人群所具有的独特的反射性注意定向效应,且他们在注意任务中的神经活动也异于正常人群,但也有研究者发现孤独症谱系障碍患者存在注意定向效应.有关孤独症谱系障碍患者社会性注意行为的异常表现及其相关机制尚有争议.未来的研究可以采用包括眼睛注视、生物运动行走方向在内的多种社会线索,结合更具有生态效度的范式,从意识上及意识下两个层次,研究不同年龄阶段的孤独症谱系障碍患者的社会性注意行为.此类研究有助于在临床上尽早识别孤独症谱系障碍儿童,对患者实施有效的干预,帮助他们更好地适应社会生活.

The ability to coordinate attention to events or objects between interactive social partners, referred to as social attention,is of great significance for adaptive social behaviors and nonverbal communications in our daily life, helping us to infer other person’s inner state (e.g., intentions, goals) and learn about where important events (e.g., food, danger) occur in the environment. In recent years, many studies have demonstrated that social cues (e.g., eye gaze, head orientation and walking direction of biological motion) can trigger reflexive attentional orienting effects using adapted central cueing paradigm originally designed by Posner.

However, not all of us are equally adept at directing attention to where others are focusing on, and this ability is strongly impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a highly genetic neurodevelopmental disorder marked by striking social deficits and repetitive behaviors. Here we systematically reviewed recent work on abnormal social attention behaviors and its underlying neural mechanisms in ASD. We first expatiated atypical social attention behaviors indexed by covert and overt attention in ASD. It has been documented that ASD individuals tend to show reduced reflexive orienting effect manifesting itself in both covert attention and overt eye movement compared to typically developing individuals (TD). Yet some controversies concerning the malfunction of social attention in ASD remain to be resolved, based on some evidence demonstrating comparable orienting effect between ASD and TD group.

Then we summarized the development course of social attention in ASD. Crucially, atypical orienting to eye gaze is more likely to be observed in younger children but not older children or adults with ASD. It is reasonable to postulate that ASD individuals may acquire this ability through overlearning the association between social cues and targets in everyday life as they grow older.

Furthermore, we discussed the neural basis of abnormal social attention behaviors in ASD. Using a combination of psychophysical paradigms and neuroimaging techniques, researchers have reported atypical neural activities in superior temporal gyrus and prefrontal cortex under the supraliminal condition as well as abnormal activation in amygdala under the subliminal condition in the brain of ASD. Moreover, the ASD group showed much less difference in activation of frontoparietal attention networks between social and nonsocial attention task than the TD group, implying disruptive social attention in ASD.

Finally, several perspectives on further investigations were put forward given the controversies and insufficient evidence concerning the malfunction of social attention in ASD. Future studies should employ multiple types of social cues (e.g., eye gaze and walking direction of biological motion) in conjunction with more ecological paradigms to investigate conscious and non-conscious social attention behaviors from a developmental approach. More importantly, more neuroimaging studies are needed to explore the functional connections among several key cortical regions and subcortical regions underlying atypical social attention behaviors in ASD. Such efforts will help to facilitate the early diagnosis and intervention of ASD.