社会与工程心理学研究室知识库

驾驶疲劳在当今社会普遍存在，并对生理、心理活动及绩效有重要影响，严重者甚至导致交通事故，工程心理学对此进行了大量研究。研究表明，连续作业后唤醒水平降低，认知功能下降，其中注意力下降最为显著。本研究以注意力为出发点，应用事件相关电位、主观评价、认知能力评测等，研究驾驶疲劳对注意的影响以及对需要较高意识水平完成的额叶执行功能的影响。

从报名参加试验的出租车司机中选择26名被试，其中12名为正常对照组，是倒休的出租车司机，保证第一天晚上有良好的睡眠。实验组为早7: 00接车到17: 00交车，大约有10h驾驶的出租车司机，共14人。实验分为三部分:第一，主观评价:疲劳感觉、情绪、自我评价清醒/困倦程度:第二，注意力评价:应用脑认知诱发电位评估驾驶疲劳对脑自动信息加工的能力、非随意注意能力、随意注意能力的影响，应用划销测验评估对注意保持能力的影响;第三，执行功能评价:分别选择Stroop色词测验、卡片分类测验、连续减法、随机数字生成、词汇流畅性测验等测试，研究驾驶疲劳对于需要较高意识水平完成的额叶执行功能的影响。

本研究的主要结果和结论如下:

1.驾驶疲劳后主观感受疲劳，负面情绪增加，主要表现为，紧张一焦虑(t=2.78 )、愤怒一敌意(t=3.09 )、疲惫一惰性(t=2.90 )明显增力「!，主观疲劳下降(t=-3.24)，主要的感觉包括:”全身无力”、“头脑发胀迷迷糊糊”、“眼睛有些睁不开”、“容易发怒”、“感到自己处理问题不恰当”、“感到办什么事情都不容易”、“态度不好”、“精神不佳”等，多为情绪和行为表现。自我评价的困倦程度(t=-3.67 )明显增加，而自我评价的清醒程度(t=2.S0)明显降低。

2.驾驶疲劳后注意力下降，表现为自动信息加工能力、非随意注意能力、随意注意能力及注意保持能力的下降。驾驶疲劳后强度、持续时间MMN幅值增加、潜伏期增加，听觉p3a、视觉IV2幅值降低，听觉P3b、视觉P3b幅值降低，字母划销作业的完成时间及漏过数的增加。

3.驾驶疲劳后额叶执行功能受损，表现为工作一记忆和抑制功能等高负荷作业受损更为明显。对疲劳敏感的指标有:Str.}p测试色词不一致时，驾驶疲劳组的反应时远远长于对照组(t=2.11);卡片分类测验平均反应时显著延连续减法测验中的正确反应数占总反应数的百分比下降显著(t=-2.15 );随机数字生成测验中的生成随机数字的总数(t =-3.58 )、随机性(t=2.93 )、数对偏差的频率(t=3.10)、反应变化前发生反应的平均数(t=-2 .15;在词汇流畅测验中，疲劳组产生的正确词汇数量明显减少(t=-3.04 )，联系新异度显著降低(t=-2.47 ) 。长(t=2.40 )

Driving fatigue exists widely in nowadays society, and works on physiological and psychological activity, and even leads traffic accidents. Engineering psychologists have done much research about it. Studies show that after continous work, arousal level fall, cognitive function is destroyed, among which, attention ability fall most obviously. Based on attention, using ERP, subjective assessment, cognitive test, this work studied effects of drivingfatigue on attention and executive function which needs higher conscious level.

26 taxi drivers selected from those signed up were divided into two groups, control group and fatigue group. There were 12 drivers in control group who had slept well in the last night. There were 14 drivers who had been driving for about 10 hours from A.M.7:00 to P.M. 17:00. They all entered the lab in 17:30 everyday. The experiment was divided into three parts. Firstly, subjective assessment included Feeling of fatigue, mood, self assessment of alert and sleepy. Secondly, by ERP, automatic information proeess, involuntary attention, involuntary attention ability was assessed. Sustaining attention was assessed by Cancellation Test.; Thirdly, Stroop Color-word Interference Task, Card Sorting Test, Digit Subtraction Test (DST), Random Number Generation(RNG), Word Fluency Test were chosen to study effects of driving fatigue on frontal executive function.

Main results and conclusions are the followings:

1 .Fatigue feeling and negative mood were increased after driving l0 hours. Sensitive indexes included: strain-anxious(t=2.78)，rage-hostility(t=3.09)，exhaust-inertia ( t=2.90)of POMS; subjective fatigue feeling (t=-3.24); alert level (t=2.50)and sleepy level(t=-3.67)of self -assessmen. The main feeling included: powerless from head to foot; dazed and bloated head; couldn't open eyes; easily hated; feel oneself deal with things impertinently; feel hard do everything; bad attitude; hyponoia. Most of them were mood and performance.

2. Attention ability was declined after driving fatigue. Tt included automatic information process, involuntary attention, voluntary attention and sustaining attention. Amplitude and latency of intensity and duration N1MN increased while amplitudes of auditary P3a, P3b and vision N2 and P3b decreased. Completing time and missing number of Cancellation Test increased.

3.Executive function was damaged after driving fatigue. Tests requiring working memory and inhibition were damaged more severely. Indexes sensitive to fatigue included: response time of Stroop Color-word Interference Task ( t=2.11); average reponse time of Card Class Test （t=2.40);percentage of number of right reaction of the number of total reaction of DST （t=-2.15);total number （t=-3.58)，RNG (t=2.93),Coupon （t=3.10) ,NSQ （t=-2.15) of RNG; total number Ct=-3.04) novelty (t=-2.47)of verbal fluency test.