中国科学院心理健康重点实验室知识库

20世纪,许多心理学家从“厄运与苦难”视角研究人晚年遭遇的身体、认知和情绪衰老,但是近年的理论与实证研究从“老化悖论”——老年人情绪加工的积极效应——视角挑战这一“定论”。积极效应指老年人认知加工过程中比年轻人更偏好正性而非负性材料的现象。第二代社会情绪选择理论包括积极效应理论、认知控制假说和强弱整合模型3个关于认知和情绪功能年龄差异的理论模型,特别强调了认知控制在老年人积极情绪加工中的潜在作用,而自动化加工与控制性加工的区分则取决于注意资源配置。因此,认知控制在老年人对积极情绪的注意加工中起重要作用。此外,注意偏向的时间进程也是影响老年人情绪注意中积极效应的关键因素。最后,综合以往研究构建出认知控制对老年人积极效应发生作用的注意阶段模型。未来研究可从中国老年人情绪注意加工模式、不同认知控制子成分的作用机制、提高研究生态学效度和注意的治疗品质几个方面继续探索。

In the 20th century, many psychologists who held the "doom and suffering" perspective studied the physical, cognitive, and emotional losses experienced by people in their later years. However, recent theoretical and empirical researches have challenged this generally acknowledged truth from the perspective of the "aging paradox" which recognized the positivity effect of aging on emotional processing. The positivity effect has been observed in cases where older adults preferred positive materials rather than negative materials compared to younger adults in cognitive processing. The second-generation socioemotional selectivity theories incooperated the positivity effect theory, cognitive control hypothesis, and strength and vulnerability integration three theoretical models, which describe the effects of age differences on cognitive and emotional functions and emphasize the potential role of cognitive control in the positive emotional process of older adults. However, the distinction between automatic and controlled cognitive processes depends on the allocation of attentional resources. Therefore, the cognitive control may play an important role in attention processes of positive emotional information among the elderly. In addition, the time course of attention bias may be another key factor associated with positivity effects Finally, based on these factors accounted for, the attention stage model of cognitive control which would influence the positivity effects of aging was constructed. Future studies could explore Chinese elderly's emotional attention processing mode, the functional mechanisms of different cognitive control subcomponents, and the treatment quality of attention, to improve the ecological validity of the studies.

国家社会科学基金重大项目(16ZDA233);; 承德医学院人文社会科学研究项目高层次人才科研启动基金(201906);; 2019年度承德市社会科学发展研究课题(20193143);; 河北省高等学校人文社会科学重点项目(SD191067)