认知与发展心理学研究室知识库

位于我国西南边疆的青藏高原地区在地缘政治结构和军事战略方面具有独特且重要地位。随着经济发展，及对科学研究和军事建设的重视，前往高海拔地区工作、学习和旅行的人员逐年增长。长期反复暴露于高海拔环境导致心理应激水平变化，同时造成脑功能如记忆、注意和执行功能等损伤。良好的身心状态有利于缓解进入高原后产生的的应激反应。腹式呼吸训练有助于降低个体在极端环境中的应激反应，通过自我身心调节，适应高海拔环境、改善己有认知损伤。本研究采用停止信号任务(stop signal task, SST，结合事件相关电位技术C event-related potential, ERP，考察了长期高海拔环境暴露对反应抑制功能的影响及其神经机制，并通过腹式呼吸训练干预长期高海拔暴露人群的认知功能，以寻找简单易行、科学有效的改善认知功能的方法。

本研究由两个子研究组成。研究一采用停止信号任务考察长期高海拔环境暴露对反应抑制功能的影响，比较了60名从未去过高海拔地区的大学生(低海拔组)和60名从低海拔地区移居至高海拔地区(3650m)居住两年以上大学生(高海拔组)的行为和脑电差异。研究二探讨了腹式呼吸训练对反应抑制功能的改善作用。将60名高海拔组大学生随机分为实验组和空白对照组。实验组进行持续21天，每天两次，每次15分钟的腹式呼吸训练。两组被试在训练前一天和完成训练后第一天完成停止信号任务，同时记录脑电信号。研究结果如下。

1.研究一，高海拔组心率高于低海拔组、血氧饱和度低于低海拔组;完成停止信号任务时，高海拔组抑制成功率低于低海拔组;高海拔组N2平均波幅小于低海拔组;高海拔组Stop条件下P3平均波幅小于低海拔组。

2.研究二，经过21天腹式呼吸训练，实验组抑制成功率显著提高，且Stop条件后测P3波幅大于前测，而对照组的行为和脑电数据前后测之间均无显著差异。

结论:长期高海拔暴露影响早期刺激分类和预期以及晚期抑制调控阶段。与低海拔组相比，高海拔组更难抑制反应冲动，并需要调用更多认知资源来完成相同难度的任务。在高海拔环境下，腹式呼吸改善晚期抑制调控阶段的信息加工，并调节注意资源分配，从而有效改善反应抑制能力，提高任务表现。

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, located in the southwest border of China, has a unique and important position in geopolitical structure and military strategy. With the development of economy and the demand of national defense, there are millions of people go to high-altitude areas for traveling or job every year. According to the survey, 10 million tourists arrive in Qinghai and Tibet by the Qinghai-Tibet railway, and 150 thousand are transported by the Qinghai-Tibet highway each year. Long term exposure to high altitude environment influence the cognitive function, such as memory, attention and executive function, even their psychological stress level. Good physical and mental state reduce the incidence of acute altitude sickness. Abdominal breathing is an efficient way to improve mental state and reduce the stress level. It will become an important way to adapt to high altitude area quickly and improve the existing cognitive impairment. In present study, stop signal task (SST) and event-related potential (ERP) were used to investigate the effects of long term exposure to high altitude environment on response inhibition and its neural mechanism. Abdominal breathing was carried out in order to find a simple, scientific and effective way to improve cognitive function.

This study consists of two experiments. In Study 1，the difference of task performance and ERP components during the stop signal task were compared between 60 college students (low altitude group) who never been to high altitude areas and 60 college students (high altitude group) who has lived in high altitude area (3650m) for more than two years to investigate the effects of long term exposure to high altitude environment on response inhibition. On the basis of Study 1，in Study 2, we recruited 60 college students who has lived in high altitude area (3650m) for more than two years and divided them into experimental group and control group randomly. The experimental group received 15 minutes of abdominal breath training twice a day for 21 days, while the control group did not receive any treatment. Both groups completed the pre-test and post-test including recording EEG signals during the stop signal task. The results are as follows.

1 .In Study 1，the heart rate of high altitude group was higher and the blood oxygen saturation was lower than that of low altitude group; during the stop signal task, in Go trials, high altitude group had a tendency to response faster than low altitude group; in Stop trials, the accuracy of low altitude group was higher than high altitude group. As for the EEG, the mean amplitude of N2 component of high altitude group was smaller than that of low altitude group; in the Stop trial, the mean amplitude of P3 was smaller than that of low altitude group.

2. In Study 2, after abdominal breath training, the task performance of experimental group was significantly improved with higher accuracy in go task and stop task; however, there was no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test in control group; the mean amplitude of P3 component of experimental group in the post-test was larger than that in the pre-test, but there was no significant difference in control group; no significant difference was found in N2 component between the pre-test and post-test of the two groups.

Conclusion: long-term exposure to high altitude environment affects the classification and expectation for stimulus and the inhibition regulating stage. Compared to low altitude group, high altitude group is more difficult to suppress the motor response, and they demand more cognitive resources to complete the same task. Abdominal breathing can improve the response inhibition function after long-term exposure to high altitude environment, mainly in the inhibition regulation stage.