中国科学院心理研究所机构知识库

把参照系整合基础上的绝对方位判断分解成路径获取过程(目标位置信息)、自身定向过程(前行方向信息)和物体定位过程(目标物体相对于参照物体的方位信息),系统地考察了多参照系条件下信息获取方式对该任务的影响。研究以视觉形式呈现空间信息,实验1 a和1b的任务中均包括上述三个过程,前者以地图的形式呈现前行方向信息、后者以语词的形式直接呈现前行方向信息;实验2有两个任务,分别独立于路径描述(定位后判断)和自身定位(定向后判断)。所有任务均为目标位置(R0°-前、R45°-左前/右前、R90°-左/右、R135°-左后/右后,R180°-后)×前行方向(北、东南西、斜方向)的组内设计,因变量为正确率和判断时间为主,共有64名大学生被试(男女各半)参与实验。发现:0°和180°位置优势效应、朝北优势效应在所有任务中都很明显;实验1和定向后判断任务中存在正方向R90°位置优势效实;定位后判断时间短于定向后判断时间,但总体所用时间上没有差异。结合信息获取的方式和可能使用到的判断策略,从绝对方位判断的认知结构等方面展开了讨论。

People cannot maintain his/her orientation or specify a spatial location without using, at least basically, a frame of reference.. Egocentric reference frame and allocentric/exocentric reference frame are used most coordinately and frequently for the purpose of successful navigation. Many recent studies have focused on how and why misalignment and target position relative to reference object affect cardinal direction judgments. In these studies, participants see a north-up map indicating one observer＇s heading relative to a ground target, which was presented as camera scene with corresponding forward view. A typical task is to determine the cardinal direction between two objects in the scene. They have reported 0° （up） and 180° （bottom） advantage effect and mismatch effect. However these studies have little consideration about information processing and many of them only use cardinal direction task. In the current study, we defined three types of navigation components： specifying paths from reference object to target object （route specifying）, identifying one＇s own heading （heading identifying）, and determining the direction of the target object in the scene （direction determining）. We aimed to investigate whether different component＇s processing could influence the aforementioned effects on absolute direction judgment. Different information presenting orders were used in corresponding experiments. Two within-subject experiments were conducted. Participants were asked to use a map/direction-word to determine the absolute direction （i.e., North, Northeast） between two objects in a visual scene. Information processing in Exp.1 contained all three components with heading presented in a map in Exp. 1 a and direction-word （i.e., Southeast） in EXP. lb. EXP. 2 contained two kinds of task with one route specifying component （Task-R） and the other heading identifying component （Task-H）. Each task was presented on a computer screen and had 8 target position （0°/up, 45° （R45°）, 90° （R90°）, 135°（R135°）, 180°, 225°（R135°）, 270°（R 90°）, and 315°/left-up （R45°）） and 8 heading （North（N）, Northeast （hiE）, East（E）, Southeast（SE）, South（S）, Southwest（SW）, West（W）, Northwest（NW））. Participants used the number pad on the keyboard to show directions, for example pressing 8 for N and 9 for NE. Accuracy and response time were collected by E-prime as judgment performance. A total of 64 college students participated in this study to complete three trials （64 problems per trial）. Repeated measures statistical analysis was used. The main finding could be summarized as follows： （1） the North direction advantage effect was found for all tasks and the pattern could be described as N 〈 E / S / W 〈 Non-canonical direction （ 〈 means shorter response time, and / means no significant difference）; （2） the response time was shortest at the 0°/up position （except for Exp. la and lb where no significant difference was found between 0° and 180°/bottom position） and the advantage effect at 180°/bottom position was more evident for Task-H and Task-R （i.e., R180° 〈 R45°, R90° and R135°） than for EXP. la and lb （i.e., R180° 〈 R90° and R135°）; （3） the Canonical direction-R90° advantage effect, which means the left/fight position advantage effect depends on the canonical direction, was found for Exp la and lb and Task-H. This effect was first reported in our studies. In absolute direction judgment, the traditional effect patterns have not changed by different ways to present information components. However the current findings, especially the discovery of Canonical direction-R90° advantage effect, would help shed light on the understanding of cognitive structure for absolute direction judgments. Future work should pay more attention to cognitive strategies for this new effect. Our work could be applied to personnel selection and training, and designing interface display for navigation assistance.

国家自然科学基金资助(30800304)