中国科学院心理研究所机构知识库

以绝对方位中的物体方位判断为实验任务,并按照以往研究把判断过程进行分解为获取目标位置信息、获取前行方向信息和判断目标物体相对于参照物体的方位信息,旨在考察不同信息获取过程下的目标位置和前行方向如何影响基于场景记忆的参照系整合过程中的绝对方位判断。实验1的判断任务同时包括这三个过程;实验2和实验3中的判断任务分别独立于路径描述(即定位后判断,先获知目标位置信息,再进行方位判断)和自身定向(即定向后判断,先获取前行方向信息,再进行方位判断)。每个任务均为目标位置(R0°-前、R45°-左前/右前、R90°-左/右、R135°-左后/右后,R180°-后)×前行方向(北、东南西、斜方向)的组内设计、因变量为正确率和判断时间,共有60名大学生被试(男女各半)参与实验。发现:朝北优势效应只在实验1中明显;三个实验任务中均存在正方向-左右位置优势效应、以及0°和180°位置优势效应;目标位置对物体方位判断的影响程度要大于前行方向对判断的影响程度。结合以往的研究来看,场景记忆上的判断比视觉媒介上的同类判断受目标位置影响的程度要大,其他影响模式比较一致。从判断的信息获取过程上对结果进行了讨论,这有助于理解绝对方位判断的认知结构。

With visual spatial scene, previous absolute direction judgment （including cardinal direction judgments） studies based on coordinating egocentric and allocentric reference have identified the effect patterns of target position and heading. Also, a variety of ACT-R models have been developed to understand cognitive process of absolute direction judgments. The popular task scenario is asking participant to use a map to determine the absolute direction between two objects in a visual scene, which is presented as 3D or camera picture. In other field of spatial cognition, relative direction/location tasks （i.e., front/back） are used for the purpose of understanding how spatial layout of scene is represented in the mind. This study aimed to investigate how target position and mismatch between two references influence absolute direction judgments based on spatial memory. Based on Zhou et al＇s study （2007）, the three components of navigation （route specifying, heading identifying, and direction determining） were used to control information present orders in different experiments. The target scene was adapted from Mou （2002） spatial research. Three 8 × 8 within-subject experiments were conducted. The variables are target position （0°/up, 45° （R45°）, 90° （R90°）, 135°（R135°）, 180°, 225°（R135°）, 270°（R90°）, and 315°/left-up （R45°）） and heading （N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW）. Participants were asked to remember one scene with regular layout of seven small objects. In another room, with one of the given headings, participants used ＂verbal report＂ to give the absolute direction （i.e., the N, NE） between two objects in the memory scene. The information of heading and the two objects were presented on a computer screen. Exp. 1 contained all three navigation components. In Exp. 2, participants made the judgments based on heading information after remembering the route information （independent of direction judgments task）. Exp. 3 used same tasks as Exp. 2 but the sequence was reversed. Accuracy and response time were collected by E-prime. A total of 60 college students participated in the study and completed three trials （64 problems per trial）. Repeated measures statistical analysis was used. The main finding could be summarized as follows： （1） the North direction advantage effect was found for Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 and the pattern could be described as N 〈 E/S / W 〈 Non-canonical direction （ 〈 means shorter response time, and / means no significant difference）, and the Canonical direction advantage effect （N = E / S / W 〈 Non-canonical direction） was found for Exp. 3; （2） the response time was shortest at the 0°/up position （except for Exp. 2 where no significant difference was found between 0° and 180°/bottom position）, and the advantage effect at 180°/bottom position was more evident for EXP. 1 and Exp. 3 （i.e., R180° 〈 R45°, R90°and R135°） than for EXP. 2 （i.e., R180° 〈 R135°）; （3） the Canonical direction-R90° advantage effect which means the left/right position advantage effect is dependent of the canonical direction, was found for all experimental tasks. The results also showed that the impact of target position was greater than that of heading in all experiments. These findings indicate that conventional effect patterns not only exist in absolute direction judgment, but also apply to spatial memory topics. Compared with absolute direction task, in spatial memory task the effects of position and canonical direction -left/fight position increased but the importance of heading lowered. Many strategies have been identified and corresponding ACT-R cognitive models were developed, but there are much difference between visual scene and memory scene. Thus future work should focus on applying and updating these models in spatial memory.

国家自然科学基金资助(30800304)