| 摘要 | 共同养育指父母养育孩子过程中相互配合的程度，对青少年的发展有重要影响。研究发现共同养育质量和青少年外化问题密切相关，同时还影响养育者教养方式和青少年个人特质。但目前研究集中在对青少年问题行为的直接影响，尚缺乏对具体机制的综合考察。青少年是人一生的重要发展转折期，也是外化问题高发期，本研究通过量化和质性相结合的研究方法，深入探讨青少年阶段，共同养育中父亲的表现对青少年外化问题的影响机制，考察母亲教养和青少年自身特质在其中的作用。本研究包含以下两个部分。研究一：青少年父亲共同养育状况、影响因素及其对青少年的影响的初步探索性质性研究。采用目的性抽样方式，选取有受访意愿的3个家庭，包括3名青少年，3位母亲和3位父亲作为访谈对象，探索青少年父亲共同养育的现状、影响因素及其对青少年的影响。研究二：通过量化研究考察父亲消极共同养育与青少年外化问题之间的关系，以及母亲心理控制和青少年坚毅水平在其中的中介作用。对来自广东省五所高中学校共1905对母子有效问卷进行分析。母亲心理控制分别由母亲和青少年报告，父亲共同养育状况和青少年坚毅由青少年报告，外化问题由青少年自评。本研究采用独立样本t检验、单因素方差分析进行差异化检验，接着采用AMOS建构父亲共同养育的结构方程模型，同时使用 Bootstrap 检验中介效应。研究一结果显示：青少年共同养育现状是父亲视角下的重分工轻支持，母亲视角下的疏离和缺失，孩子视角下的冲突。原生家庭的共同养育、外部环境变化、文化和社会习俗、父亲自身的认知和学习都会影响父亲共同养育。父母间不良的共同养育如过多的冲突会导致青少年更多的出现内化问题，如情感上的逃避、退缩、焦虑等负面情绪，也会有更多的外化问题，如攻击；而父母间积极的共同养育，如和谐的沟通有利于促进青少年更好的适应与发展。研究二的结果表明：青少年坚毅与其自身外化问题呈显著负相关，父亲消极共同养育与青少年坚毅显著负相关，母亲心理控制与青少年坚毅水平显著负相关。结构方程结果显示：父亲的消极共同养育表现与青少年外化问题（β=0.08, p<0.05）和母亲心理控制（β=0.29, p<0.001）均呈显著正相关，与青少年坚毅显著负相关（β=-0.24, p<0.001），母亲心理控制与青少年外化问题显著正相关（β=0.20, p<0.001），青少年坚毅与其外化问题显著负相关（β=-0.34, p<0.001）。使用 Bootstrap 法进行中介效应分析，结果显示直接效应值为0.08，95%水平的置信区间[0.02,0.15]，间接效应值为0.16，95%水平的置信区间为[0.19,0.30]。母亲心理控制和青少年坚毅在父亲共同养育和青少年外化问题之间起部分中介作用。 结论：青少年共同养育现状重分工轻支持，父亲作用疏离和缺失，具冲突性。共同养育中父亲表现越差，青少年内、外化问题越多。母亲心理控制与青少年坚毅在其中起多重中介作用。原生家庭的共同养育、外部环境变化、文化和社会习俗、父亲自身的认知和学习都影响父亲共同养育质量。结论：青少年共同养育的现状是重分工轻支持，疏离和缺失，冲突。在共同养育中父亲的表现越差，青少年的内、外化问题越多，母亲心理控制与青少年坚毅在其中起多重中介作用。原生家庭的共同养育、外部环境变化、文化和社会习俗、父亲自身的认知和学习都会影响父亲共同养育质量。 |
| 其他摘要 | Co-parenting refers to the degree of cooperation between parents in the process of raising children, which has an important impact on the development of adolescents. It is found that the quality of co-parenting is closely related to the externalizing problem of adolescents, as well as the parenting style and the personality traits of adolescents. However, the prior studies mainly focused on the direct impact of co-parenting on adolescent problem behavior, and the comprehensive study which explores the specific mechanism how the impact happens is needed. Adolescence is an important turning point in individual life, it is also a period with high incidence of externalizing problems. Using both of the quantitative and qualitative research methods, this research deeply explored the influence mechanism of the relationship between father's performances in co-parenting and adolescent externalizing problems, while, the possible role of maternal parenting behaviors and adolescent own characteristics.The current research included two studies. Study 1: a preliminary exploratory qualitative study was conducted to explore the situations about paternal performance in co-parenting, as well as its influencing factors and the outcomes among adolescents. Three families, including 3 adolescents, 3 mothers and 3 fathers who were willing to be interviewed were recruited as the interviewees. Study 2: a quantitative research was conducted to investigate the relationship between father's negative performance in co-parenting and adolescent externalizing problem, and the mediating role of maternal psychological control and adolescent grit in it. A total of 1,905 mother-child dyads valid data which were collected from five high schools in Guangdong province were analyzed. Maternal psychological control was reported by mother and adolescent, respectively, paternal negative co-parenting performance and adolescent grit were reported by adolescents, the adolescent externalizing problems were reported by adolescents themselves as well. The independent sample t-test and one-way anova were used to test the differences of key variables among different groups, the structural equation model was constructed by Amos, and bootstrap tests were conducted to test the mediating effects. The results of the first study show that the preliminary exploratory qualitative showed that the status quo of adolescent joint parenting is the paternal perspective of division of labor, less support, the maternal perspective of alienation, lack, the children's perspective of conflict. The co-parenting of the original family, changes in the external environment, cultural and social customs, parents' own cognition and learning all affect the paternal co-parenting. Too much conflict between parents will lead to more negative emotions of escape, withdrawal, anxiety, and even externalization of aggression. Harmonious communication between parents is conducive to promote the better adaptation and development of adolescents.Study 2：there were significant negative associations between adolescent grit and adolescent externalizing problem, between paternal negative co-parenting and adolescent grit, and between maternal psychological control and adolescent grit. The results of structural equation showed that paternal negative co-parenting was positively correlated with adolescent externalizing problem(β=0.08, p<0.05), and maternal psychological control (β=0.29, P<0.001), and negatively correlated with adolescent grit (β=-0.24, P<0.001). Maternal psychological control was positively correlated with adolescent externalizing problem (β=0.20, P<0.001), There was a significant negative correlation between adolescent grit and their externalizing problem (β=-0.34, P<0.001). Bootstrap tests was used to analyze the mediating effect. The results showed that the direct effect value was 0.08, the 95% level confidence interval was [0.02, 0.15], the indirect effect value was 0.16, the 95% level confidence interval was [0.19, 0.30]. Maternal psychological control and adolescent grit partially mediated the relationship between paternal co-parenting and adolescent externalizing problem.Conclusion:The current situation of paternal co-parenting is that division of labor, less support, alienation, lack and conflict. The worse the fathers performed in co-parenting, the more internalizing problem the adolescents involved. Maternal psychological control and adolescent grit play multiple mediating roles in the relationship between paternal poor performance in co-parenting and adolescent externalizing problem. The quality of paternal co-parenting is influenced by the co-parenting situation in father's original families, the change of his external environment, the cultural and social customs, the father's own cognition and learning experience. |
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