| 摘要 | 个体的体像态度主要受到社会文化因素的影响。在各种社会文化因素中，媒体的影响尤为突出。体像不满是指个体对自己的身体持有的负面评价，与进食障碍、社交焦虑、负性情绪等均存在密切关联。从发展的角度来看，个体的体像满意度并不稳定，而青春期可能是体像非常不满意的阶段。从性别差异的角度看，女性的体像满意度要低于男性。因此，以青春期女性为主的卫校学生的体像态度是一个值得深入关注的问题。 体像满意度常常使用图像匹配法来测量，其操作简单，计分方便。在这样的测查中，被试常常需要从一系列从瘦到胖的身材轮廓图中选择出自己当前的体型和理想的体型，而体像不满则被操作性地定义为二者的差异。然而，目前已有的图像匹配法中使用的身体轮廓均来自国外，且大多为成年人。而我国青少年的体型和国外成年人的体型上有很大的差异，因此直接使用来自国外的图形匹配法来测量我国青少年的体像满意度并不合适。为此，研究一的主要目的是开发符合我国青少年体型特点的体像满意度测查工具C-BMI-FRS（Figure Rating Scale based on Body Mass Index of Chinese Adolescents）并考察其信效度；研究二探讨卫校学生体像满意度的特点及媒介素养的影响；研究三则开发一个基于媒介素养的体像态度干预课程，并在卫校学生中检查其干预效果。研究一收集了山东省文登中学高中部和威海市卫生学校的3976名同学的身高和体重的数据（男生：n=1314;女生：n=2662），绘制出C-BMI-FRS任务并在1333名青少年（男生269人，女生1064人）中测试该量表的信效度。被试在C-BMI-FRS中选择的现实体型和当前BMI存在显著的相关（r = 0.82, p < 0.01）；选择的理性体型和理想BMI之间相关系数为0.53（p < 0.01）；现实与理想体型的差值和当前与理想BMI的差值之间的相关为0.67（p < 0.01）。被试选择的现实体型的3个月的重测信度为0.85（128人,女生：n = 114）；理想体型的3个月重测信度为0.65；二者差值的重测信度为0.78；三个相关系数均在0.01水平上显著。这些结果支持该量表可以有效测量中国青少年体像态度。研究二使用C-BMI-FRS考察1064名卫校女学生的体像满意度，结果表明92.95%的女孩对自身的体像感到不满意，其中有86.47%的女生想要更瘦一点的身材，且体像不满和进食障碍症状呈显著的正相关(r = 0.43,p < 0.01)。媒介素养与体像不满和进食障碍症状呈显著的负相关(分别为r = -0.35; r = -0.17, p < 0.01)，且媒介素养的中介了体像不满与进食障碍之间的关系：二者的关系中有13.57%可以通过媒介素养来解释。媒介素养指在人们面对不同媒体中各种信息进行选择、质疑、理解、评估和思辨等综合能力。基于研究二的发现，研究三开发了“媒体和我”的体像干预课程，项目分为4次课程，分别为“媒体信息”、“美的理解”、“身体评价”、“身体比较”，旨在提高学生的媒介素养水平来抵抗媒体信息的负面影响，从而有望改善个体体像不满意水平。为了验证干预课程的效果，基于研究二的结果，从具有求瘦倾向的920名(14-21周岁)女生中筛选出实验组（154人）和对照组（152人），二组求瘦程度无差异(F[16,288] = 1.043,p = 0.411)。干预周期为四周，每周一次，每次课 40分钟。实验组学习自编“媒体和我”课程，而健康对照组则学习学校指定的心理健康知识。结果发现实验组女孩的媒介素养程度明显提高，且效果在一月之后的重测中依然明显（F[2,161] = 4.954,p = 0.008）。 本研究的意义在于开发了符合我国青少年BMI特征的体像满意度测查工具，为日后开展青少年体像研究打下了基础。此外，本研究还发现卫校学生中体像满意度非常低，且对自己体像不满的学生中那些媒介素养差的学生更容易发展出紊乱的进食行为。同时本研究还发展了以培养媒介素养为落脚点的干预课程，并对其效果进行检验。和对照组的数据相比，发现媒介素养在青少年中是可以干预的。 |
| 其他摘要 | AbstractBody image is mainly influenced by sociocultural factors, media in particular. Body dissatisfaction refers to the negative evaluation of one's body, which is closely associated with eating disorders, social anxiety, negative affects and so on. From the developmental perspective, individual's body image is not stable across the life span. It has been suggested that individuals in adolescence may be more dissatisfied with their own body image than other life stages. Generally speaking, females have lower body satisfaction than males. Therefore, body image of health school students is an interesting research topic since majority of them were female adolescents. Body dissatisfaction is often measured by figure rating scales (FRS) which are easy to operate and score. Body dissatisfaction has been operationally defined as the difference between actual and ideal figure chosen by a participant from an FRS. However, body contours used in the previous FRS are mainly based on figures of Caucasian adults. Given the differences between body shapes of Chinese youth and adolescents and those of Caucasian adults, it is problematic to directly use these FRS to measure the body attitude of Chinese youth and adolescents. The main aim of Study 1 is therefore to develop an FRS based on real body mass index and body shape of Chinese youth and adolescents and examine the psychological properties of this tool. The aim of the second study is to explore the characteristics of body image of health school students and the potential influence of media literacy. In Study 3 a body image intervention program based on medial literacy is developed and evaluated.In Study 1 height and weight data of 3976 students from Wendeng high school and Weihai Health School in Shandong Province were collected. Four anchor figures were drawn for each sex by a professional artist. After inserting a 25 grid bar under these anchor figures, the Chinese Figure Rating Scale Based on BMI (C-BMI-FRS) was developed. The reliability and validity of the scale were further evaluated in 1333 Chinese adolescents. First, there were significant correlations between the actual figure chosen by participants from the C-BMI-FRS and the current BMI computed with reported height and weight data (r = 0.82, p < 0.01), and between the ideal figure chosen from the C-BMI-FRS and the ideal BMI computed by ideal height and weight data (r = 0.53, p < 0.01). Secondly, the difference between the actual and the ideal figure chosen from the C-BMI-FRS (AID, a measure of body dissatisfaction) was significantly correlated to the difference between the current and the ideal BMI (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). The three-month test-retest reliability of the actual figure, ideal figure, and AID was 0.85, 0.65 and 0.78, respectively. All these results support for the reliability and stability of the C-BMI-FRS.In Study 2 standardized C-BMI-FRS was administered among 1064 female Health School students and revealed that 92.95% of the girls were dissatisfied with their body, and 86.47% of the girls wished to have a slimmer body. There was a significant correlation between body dissatisfaction measured by FRS and disordered eating symptoms (r = 0.43, p < 0.01). Media literacy was negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms (r = -0.35;r = -0.17,p < 0.01). Mediation analyses revealed that 13.57% of the relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating attitude could be explained by media literacy. Media literacy refers to the comprehensive ability of people to choose, question, understand, evaluate and speculate on various kinds of information in different media.Based on the findings of Study 2, Study 3 developed an intervention program titled “Media and Me” to address the body dissatisfaction among girls. The program was divided into a series of four sessions to nurture medial literacy. It aims to improve students' media literacy level which may indirectly improve body image. To investigate the effectiveness of the “Media and Me” program, participants in the intervention group (n =144) and the control group (n = 151) were screened from 920 girls who wished to have a slimmer figure in Study 2. The two groups were matched by AID scores and media literacy. The intervention included four 40-minute sessions, once per week. The control group participated the regular mental health course arranged by the school. The results showed that the media literacy level of girls in the intervention group was significantly improved (after one month of intervention, F[2,161] = 4.954, p < 0.01).To summarize, C-BMI-FRS developed in this study is a reliable and valid tool to measure body attitude among Chinese youth and adolescents. Using C-BMI-FRS, it was found that majority of students from a health school was dissatisfied with their body and that level of body dissatisfaction was associated with disordered eating symptoms. Additionally, the self-developed intervention program could nurture media literacy among young girls. |
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