| 其他摘要 | Musical tension is the core mechanism for the musical emotion generation and musical meaning processing. Empirical researches show that the dynamic experience of musical tension is largely affected by musical structures, such as pitch structure, temporal structure, and event structure. During the music listening, listeners generate future-oriented music expectations based on the existing music structure and prior knowledge. The formation, maintenance, or violation of expectations is accompanied by the dynamic tension experience. However, in previous studies more attention was devoted to the effect of pitch structure on musical tension, but less to the effect of temporal structure. In addition, most studies adopted the prediction violation paradigm, and few studies examined the tension experience during the maintenance of expectation. This dissertation explored the effect of temporal structure on musical tension and the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms, specifically investigated the role of the maintenance and violation of metrical expectations in the musical tension induction through manipulations of metrical structures.
Two experiments were conducted using behavioral and electrophysiological methods. Experiment 1 explored the expectancy-tension induced by three basic metrical structures and underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. Behavioral results and neural oscillatory analyses show that: for the whole metrical sequences, tension score and delta-band neural entrainment are significantly different among three meter sequences, the shorter the time interval between strong beats, the higher the overall tension, and stronger the steady-state evoked responses, which were considered to reflect the degree of temporal expectations; within the measures, the beats on different levels of metrical hierarchy induced dynamic tension fluctuations, and the beat-induced tension shows the similar dynamic patterns as those of alpha-and beta-band oscillations, suggesting that hierarchical temporal expectation and dynamic attention may be involved in tension generation.
Under the framework of predictive coding theory, Experiment 2 examined how denial-tension could be changed by metrical structural shifts. The results of behavioral, ERP and time-frequency analyses show that:, the variation in the temporal interval between strong beats could elicit dynamic tension fluctuations, shortening of the interval would lead to the increase of tension significantly, while lengthening would result in slightly decreased tension; the meter shifts elicited N5 components also the increase of delta-band and the decrease of theta-, alpha-and beta-band, which represent the expectation violation elicited by the variation of temporal interval of strong beats, and the subsequent restructuring and integration of expectation, the concentrating of attention. Further, the expectation violation in different degrees could in turn mediate the effects of strong beats interval variation. Taken together, it is speculated that the effects of metershifts on tension could be determined by expectation violations and preceding contexts. |
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