| 摘要 | 新冠疫情的发生和发展会对广泛的群体产生严重心理影响。如果不及时监控这些不良心理状态，不仅会影响个人的心理健康状态，还会使民众对政府的决策产生不信任的心态，影响疫情防控措施的开展和推进，甚至危害国家的和谐稳定。因此，全面及时地了解疫情期间民众心理状态的变化至关重要。但是，目前针对疫情对民众心态影响的研究普遍存在基线水平测量困难，长期心理影响缺失和事件心态匹配偏差的问题。
基于全面刻画疫情对民众心态影响的需求，我们提出利用网络生态化识别的方法探究疫情对民众心态的影响，以词频和模型预测的心理指标得分作为测量的新方式。本研究分别以国内对疫情定性、国内首次公布确诊病例和亲属确诊作为关键时间点，分别探究了疫情在全国层次、地区层次和个体层次下对民众心态的短期影响和长期影响。研究结果显示：
（1）研究一以疫情官方定性作为关键时间点，研究疫情的定性对全国民众心态的短期影响和长期影响。在疫情官方定性后，短期内全国民众心态的变化主要表现为家庭词（t(412)=-1.994, p=0.047），健康词（t(412)=-13.594, p＜0.001）和焦虑（t(254)=-2.044, p=0.042）增加，牛津幸福感（t(290)=2.196, p=0.029）减少。疫情定性对全国民众心态长期影响显著变化主要集中在疫情发生后的 2-4 个月，并在 6-8 个月时趋于稳定。比如前期休闲词（F(5,3787)=6.900，p＜0.001, η2=0.009）的频率较低，健康词（F(5,3787)=17.608，p＜0.001, η2=0.016）水平较高。此外，生 活 满 意 度 （ F(5,12856)=4.242 ， p=0.001, η2=0.002 ） 一 直 下 降 ， 焦 虑（F(5,12856)=2.893，p=0.014, η2=0.001）等负向指标则一直升高。
（2）研究二以疫情公布国内首个确诊病例为关键时间点，研究疫情对不同严重地区民众心态的短期影响和长期影响。疫情对重疫区和轻疫区的短期影响具有 普 遍 性 和 相 似 性 ， 具 体 表 现 为 重 疫 区 和 轻 疫 区 的 国 家 政 府 信 心（F(1,23031)=11.513，p=0.002, η2=0.324）显著升高。疫情公布国内首个确诊病例对不同地区民众心态的长期影响呈现出不同的模式。在疫情未发生时，重疫区和轻疫区处于同一基线水平。在疫情增长期时重疫区在情绪指标上表现出更加明显的负面状态的下降，比如消极情绪（F(2,278)=8.864，p＜0.001, η2=0.061）的下降等，相较于轻疫区心理状态更好。但在疫情衰退期时，轻疫区的民众心态如绝望感（F(2,278)=29.224，p＜0.001, η2=0.176）等表现出积极变化，而重疫区的负性指标如绝望感等显著升高。
3）研究三以亲属确诊日期作为关键时间点，研究疫情下亲属确诊对患者家属心态的短期影响和长期影响。亲属确诊对患者家属心态的短期影响主要表现为家庭词（F(1,62)=14.066，p＜0.001, η2=0.185），健康词（F(1,62)=22.749，p＜0.001, η2=0.268）和悲伤词（F(1,62)=11.381，p=0.001, η2=0.155）频率的升高；生活目标（F(1,62)=5.210，p=0.026, η2=0.076）水平显著降低。在亲属确诊一年后，患者家属心态相对稳定，而无确诊家属的抑郁（F(5,62)=3.057，p=0.027, η2=0.370）等负面状态在第 6 个月显著高于患者家属，并且具有更低的生活满意度（F(5,62)=3.042，p=0.023, η2=0.316）。
以上研究从全国层面、地区层面和个体层面相对全面地刻画了疫情对民众心态的影响，并且在一定程度上弥补了以往研究使用传统测量方法潜在的问题。本研究的结果可以作为政策制定者或心理援助者在疫情期间开展针对性工作科学有效的参考。同时网络生态化识别的方法也为心理学研究提供了新的研究视角。 |
| 其他摘要 | The occurrence of COVID-19 influences a wider group of people’ mental states during the development of the pandemic. If we don’t monitor these negative mental states in time, it will affect the individual’s mental health and even produce distrust of the government’s decision-making, which may finally endanger the harmony of the country. Therefore, it’s of great significant to have a comprehensive and timely understanding of the changes in the mental state of the people during the pandemic. However, current researches concerning the impact of COVID-19 on people's mental states is generally difficult to measure the baseline, lack of long-term psychological impact, and bias in matching critical events and mental states due to the limitations of traditional measurement methods.
Considering the need to comprehensively describe the impact of COVID-19 on people's mental states and the problems existing in current researches, we propose to apply Network Ecological Recognition (NER) to explore the impact of COVID-19 on people's mental states. This study managed to explore the impact of COVID-19 through three horizontal researches. We took the declaration of COVID-19 in China, the first announcement of confirmed cases in China and the diagnosis of relatives as critical time points and analyze the short-term and long-term effects on people's mental states from national, regional and individual level respectively. Following are the results of the three researches:
(1) Study 1 took the official declaration of COVID-19 as a key time point to explore the short-term and long-term impact of the declaration of COVID-19 on the national mental states. After the official declaration of COVID-19, the psychological changes in the short term were mainly manifested in the increase in the word frequency of Family (t(412)=-1.994, p=0.047) and Health (t(412)=-13.594, p<0.001). At the same time, people’s Oxford Happiness (t(290)=2.196, p=0.029) was lower while Anxiety (t(254)=-2.044, p=0.042) was much higher. The long-term impact of the declaration of COVID-19 on the mental states of the people across the country were mainly concentrated in the early stage of the pandemic (i.e., the second or fourth month after the outbreak). And then most indicators tended to stabilize at a certain level or return to baseline at the sixth or eighth month after the outbreak. For instance, word frequency of Leisure (F(5,3787)=6.900, p<0.001, η2=0.009) was lower and word frequency of Health (F(5,3787)=17.608, p<0.001, η2=0.016) was higher in the early stage. Besides, Life Satisfaction (F(5,12856)=4.242, p=0.001, η2=0.002) had been declining, while negative indicators such as Anxiety (F(5,12856)=2.893, p=0.014, η2=0.001) had been rising during the whole year after the declaration of COVID-19.
(2) Study 2 used the announcement of the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in China as the key time point to study the short-term and long-term impact of the pandemic on people’s mental states in different regions. The short-term impact of COVID-19 on profoundly infected areas (PIAs) and less infected areas (LIAs) was similar. The specific manifestation was that National Government Belief (F(1,23031)=11.513, p=0.002, η2=0.324) increased significantly. The long-term impact showed different patterns. PIAs and LIAs were at the same baseline before the announcement of the first confirmed case of COVID-19. During the growth period of the pandemic, PIAs revealed a more obvious decline in negative state on emotional indicators, such as a decline in Negative Emotion (F(2,278)=8.864, p<0.001, η2=0.061), indicating a relatively better mental states than that in LIAs. However, during the decline of the pandemic, people’s mental states (e.g., Hopelessness) in LIAs gradually returned to the pre-pandemic level or showed positive changes, while the negative indicators such as Hopelessness (F(2,278)=29.224, p<0.001, η2=0.176) in PIAs increased significantly.
(3) Study 3 verified the date of relative diagnosis with COVID-19 as a key time point to study the short-term and long-term impact of relative diagnosis on the mental states of the patient's family during the pandemic. The short-term impact of relative diagnosis on family members were mainly manifested in the increase in the word frequency of Family (F(1,62)=14.066, p<0.001, η2=0.185), Health (F(1,62)=22.749, p<0.001, η2=0.268) and Sadness (F(1,62)=11.381, p=0.001, η2=0.155). Meanwhile, Purpose in Life (F(1,62)=5.210, p=0.026, η2=0.076) of patient's family significantly declined. It was worth noting that the patient's family members maintained a relatively stable psychological state within one year after the relatives were diagnosed. However, ordinary people without relatives diagnosed demonstrated lower Life Satisfaction (F(5,62)=3.042, p=0.023, η2=0.316) and other negative states (e.g., Depression) at the sixth month.
The above researches have relatively comprehensively described the impact of COVID-19 on the mental states of people from the national, regional and individual level. It has made up for the difficulties in baseline measurement, the lack of long-term psychological impact and the bias in matching critical events and mental states caused by the limitations of traditional measurement in previous studies to a certain extent. The results of this study can be used as a scientific and effective reference for policy makers or psychological helpers to work with targeted individuals in different regions during different periods of the pandemic, which may promote the development of COVID-19 prevention process and the effective implementation of measures. What’s more, NER also provides a new perspective for psychological research. |
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