中国科学院行为科学重点实验室知识库

目的 探讨学龄前儿童颜色性别刻板印象在内隐及外显水平上的发展情况以及母亲对儿童颜色性别刻板印象的影响。方法 研究对象为北京与天津地区2所幼儿园92名3～6岁儿童及他们的母亲，有效被试81名，其中男孩42名，女孩39名。采用内隐联想测试（implicit association test, IAT）、颜色穿搭测试分别考察儿童内隐及外显颜色性别刻板印象的发展情况；采用李克特5点计分法，考察母亲对颜色与性别的关联态度。结果 儿童存在显著的内隐和外显颜色性别刻板印象，且两者呈显著正相关。儿童内隐颜色性别刻板印象在性别和年龄上均不存在差异，性别和年龄间的交互作用也不显著；儿童外显颜色性别刻板印象存在显著的性别差异，且相较于男孩，女孩表现出更强的颜色性别刻板印象；儿童外显颜色性别刻板印象在年龄上不存在显著差异，年龄和性别间的交互作用也不显著。母亲的颜色性别反刻板印象与儿童内隐颜色性别刻板印象呈负相关，即：母亲的反刻板印象越强烈，儿童的内隐颜色性别刻板印象就越弱，反之则越强；母亲的颜色性别反刻板印象对儿童外显颜色性别刻板印象没有影响。结论 学龄前儿童存在显著的内隐及外显颜色性别刻板印象，母亲的颜色性别反刻板印象能够轻微预测儿童内隐颜色性别刻板印象，而内隐性别刻板印象相较于外显更能通过表情、动作等非语言形式影响行为。儿童早期越多接触反刻板印象，越有助于减少对颜色的性别成见，减弱颜色性别刻板印象对儿童能力发展的消极影响。

Objective To examine pre-school children’s explicit and implicit color-gender stereotypes and mothers’ influence on the transmission of such stereotypes. Methods We recruited 92 children （3 - 6 years old） and their mothers from two kindergartens in Beijing-Tianjin area. There were 81 effective participants, involving 42 boys and 39 girls. An implicit association test （IAT） measured the association between six colors and gender. Color dressing test measured the explicit color-gender stereotypes of children. Mothers were given a Likert 5 item questionnaire assessing gender-based stereotypes and counter-stereotypes about color. Results Children’s implicit stereotypes and explicit stereotypes were significant. Color-gender stereotypes at implicit and explicit were positive correlation. No significant effect of gender and age emerged in implicit color-gender stereotypes, and the interaction between age and gender was not significant. There was significant effect of gender emerged in explicit color-gender stereotypes of children, and the girls expressed more color gender-stereotypes than boys at explicit levels. No significant effect of age emerged, and the interaction between age and gender was not significant. Mothers’ counter-stereotypes influenced children’s implicit stereotypes, and the stronger the mothers’ counter-stereotype, the weaker the children’s implicit color-gender stereotype. Mothers’ counter-stereotypes did not reveal any significant effect on the children’s explicit color-gender stereotype. Conclusion Our findings indicated that children （aged 3 to 6） have already developed gender stereotypes about color at both implicit and explicit levels. Mothers’ counter-stereotype predicts their children’s implicit color-gender stereotypes. Implicit stereotypes can influence behavior through non-verbal forms such as expressions and actions more than explicit stereotypes. The more exposure to counter-stereotypes in early childhood, the more helpful to reduce gender stereotypes about colors and weaken the negative impact of color-gender stereotypes on children’s ability development.