社会与工程心理学研究室知识库

中国特色社会主义进入新时代后，人民对民生福社的期望日益增长。民之所望即是政府政策所向。十九大报告指出“增进民生福社是发展的根本目的”。实现人民美好生活的愿望，提高人民幸福感，是党和政府不懈奋斗的目标。民生与居民幸福感之间相关关系的探讨，受到政府与学界的广泛关注与探索。民生覆盖范围广，所包含的民生指标纷繁多样。然而，既有研究主要针对单个或少数几个民生指标，分析其与居民幸福感相关性，存在研究范围小、说服力不足的问题。因此，系统性梳理民生指标，确立民生指数全面考察民生建设项目对幸福感的影响，成为亚待解决的问题。

本研究旨在，研究中国民生指数与民众主观幸福感相关性，了解民众需求，为完善民生建设、增强民生福社提供思路与建议。在研究一中，本文根据近三十年民众主观幸福感变化趋势，使用定性的研究方法开展研究，证实了教育、医疗等民生指标与幸福感长期相关。同时，结合心理学与福利经济学理论，使用理论内在联系的方法，得出民生项目可能长期影响民众主观幸福感。在研究二中，本文针对既有研究中不一致的结论，使用定量的研究方法，用元分析探究在时间序列中整体公共服务和单项服务是否是民众主观幸福感的影响因素。在研究三中，本文针对既有研究遗漏的民生指标，使用实证分析方法，从居民生活、公共服务、生活环境三个层面出发，选取居民生活、公共教育、公共交通、社会保障和就业、医疗卫生、生活环境、经济发展水平七个指标建立中国民生指数指标，进一步探讨民生指数是如何长期影响民众主观幸福感的。基于时间序列分析，在探究中国民生指数直接影响民众主观幸福感的基础上，增加了格兰杰因果检验，以考察民生指数与民众主观幸福感之间的因果关系。

主要研究结果如下:第一，从人均GDP和人均可支配收入两个方面，证实了经济发展水平与民众主观幸福感之间存在格兰杰因果关系，且两者在时间序列中对民众主观幸福感均具有显著正向相关。第二，在整体水平上，中国民生指数与民众主观幸福感之间存在格兰杰因果关系，且中国民生指数越高，民众主观幸福感越强。在单个指标水平上，生活压力和公共教育分别是民众主观幸福感的格兰杰原因，公共教育中的师生比和医疗卫生中的执业医师数分别与民众主观幸福感存在正相关关系，生活压力和公共交通分别与民众主观幸福感具有负相关性。

综上，基于理论分析和实证检验，本研究证实了民生指数指标与居民主观幸福感的存在正向相关。不同领域的民生指标对幸福感的影响程度存在差异，其中公共教育、医疗卫生以及公共交通具有较高程度的影响。通过城乡对比显示，农村居民的幸福感主要受公共教育和医疗卫生的影响，城市居民的幸福感则更受公共交通的影响。因此，本文提出:因需因地制宜，一方面，根据影响程度调整民生指数指标的支出，提高民众幸福感的同时合理优化财政支出结构;另一方面，着眼于31省市间中国民生指数的公平化、均衡化发展，进一步提升中国民众主观幸福感的水平。

As Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered its new era, people's expectations for their livelihood and well-being have been ever-increasing. What the Chinese people expect is the direction of government policy. The 19th National Congress of the CPC report points out that improving people's well-being is the fundamental purpose of development. The CPC and government's unremitting goal is to meet the people's aspirations for a better life and improved well-being. The discussion of the relationship between Chinese people's livelihood and residents' well-being has received extensive attention from the government and academia. The people's livelihood covers a broad scope and comprises a variety of livelihood indicators. However, the existing studies mainly focus on one or some livelihood indicators and their correlation with residents' well-being, which suffers from a limited research scope and insufficient convincing influence. Therefore, it has become urgent to systematically compile livelihood indicators and establish a livelihood index to comprehensively investigate the impact of livelihood construction projects on residents' well-being.

This study aims to explore the correlation between China's Livelihood Index and people's subjective well-being (SWB), taking people's SWB as a marker to understand people's needs, providing ideas and suggestions for improving livelihood construction, and enhancing people's well-being. In the first study, based on the trend of people's SWB in the past thirty years, the study is conducted using a qualitative research method and confirms that livelihood indicators of education and health care are related to well-being in the long term. Meanwhile, combining psychology and welfare economics theories, employs the internal connection of theories to determine whether livelihood projects may influence people's SWB in the long term. In the second study, to address the inconsistent findings in the established studies, a quantitative research method is applied to explore whether overall public services and individual services are influential factors in people's SWB over time series using meta-analysis. In the third study, to address the livelihood indicators missed in the established studies, an empirical analysis is employed to establish seven indicators of China's Livelihood Index from three levels: residents' livelihood, public service, and living environment. And seven indicators of people's livelihood: public education, public transportation, social security and employment, health care, living environment, and economic development are selected to explore further how the livelihood index influences people's SWB in the long run. Based on the time series analysis, the Granger Causality Test is also employed to investigate the causal relationship between the livelihood index and people's SWB.

The main results of this study are as follows: firstly, in terms of both GDP per capita and disposable income per capita, it is confirmed that the level of economic development has the Granger causality relationship with people's SWB, and both are significant and positively related to people's SWB in the time series. Secondly, at the overall level, China's livelihood index enjoys the Granger causality relationship with people's SWB, and the higher China's livelihood index, the greater the people's SWB; at the level of a single indicator, the stress of fife and public education are the Granger causality of people's SWB. The faculty-student ratio in public education and the number of practicing physicians in health care positively correlate with people's SWB; the stress of fife and public transportation negatively correlate with people's SWB, respectively.

In summary, based on theoretical analysis and empirical investigation, this study proves the existence of a positive correlation between indicators of China's Livelihood Index and people's SWB. There are variations in the degree of influence of livelihood indicators on well-being in various fields, among which public education, health care, and public transportation have a higher influence. The urban-rural comparison reveals that the well-being of rural residents is mainly influenced by public education and health care, while the well-being of urban residents is further influenced by public transportation. Therefore, this study proposes that it is necessary to act according to circumstances. On the one hand, the expenditures on indicators of China's Livelihood Index should be optimized according to the degree of influence to improve people's sense of well-being while rationalizing the fiscal expenditure structure; on the other hand, the fair and balanced development of China's Livelihood Index among 31 provinces and cities should be emphasized further to improve the level of people's SWB in China.