认知与发展心理学研究室知识库

环境问题威肋、着全人类的命运，解决环境危机刻不容缓。在评估未来可持续发展目标时，了解影响人类亲环境行为的因素变得越来越重要。以往对亲环境行为影响因素的研究主要有个体微观层面(包括亲环境行为的动机和阻碍)和群体层面(主要是社会认同的视角)等，关注的是个体内部变量或情景等外部变量作用于行为主体的影响，极少有研究探讨行为主体之间的相互影响。在人际交往的过程中，人们不可避免的会受到他人的语言、行为等影响，通过分享、建议、说服等方式交流思想、影响行为。此外，不同年龄群体之间的亲环境行为可能存在差异，年长者更能实施个体的环保行为，而年轻人参与公共领域的亲环境行为会更多。本研究以自我践行和劝说他人两项对比探讨公众是否愿意劝说他人，并对潜在的年龄差异进行了探索。然后通过文献梳理了几种可能的影响因素，并用调查实验研究证实了推导的假设检验。

首先，研究一调查了公众是否愿意劝说他人，通过在线问卷收集了300份有效数据，分别测量了被试的亲环境行为意愿以及劝说他人参与亲环境行为的意愿。皮尔逊相关分析显示，自身践行和劝说他人有中等程度的相关。配对样本t检验显示，在亲环境行为的各个维度上，自身践行都显著高于劝说他人，表明相对于自身践行，公众劝说他人参与亲环境行为的意愿较低。方差分析结果表明，在控制了人口学变量后，自身践行仍高于劝说他人。

其次，研究二讨论了影响公众劝说意愿的因素。通过文献梳理了几种可能的影响因素，分别为社会规范、感知成本、环境效益和个人效益，以及私密性，并对这几种因素进行验证。根据研究一的结果，从研究一的问卷中选择了更愿意劝说和更不愿意劝说的亲环境行为各三题，分别对以上几种因素进行验证。通过在线问卷调查收集了260份有效数据。配对样本t检验结果证实，社会规范、感知成本和个人效益对公众劝说他人参与亲环境行为意愿有显著影响。

为了验证上述因素对劝说意愿的影响，需要采用实验设计进行因果关系的检验。因此，选择了描述性规范和感知成本为代表性因素来验证与劝说意愿的因果关系。研究三首先考察与描述性规范的关系，采用被试间设计，在线收集了244份有效数据，将被试分成高规范组、低规范组和控制组，分别阅读对应的文本材料，之后测量材料干预效果。单因素方差分析结果显示，高描述性规范均值显著高于低描述性规范，表明高描述性规范显著促进公众的劝说意愿。

研究四的实验设计与研究三一样，考察感知成本与劝说意愿的关系，同样采用被试间设计，在线收集了240份有效数据，将被试分成高成本组、低成本组和控制组，分别阅读对应的文本材料，之后测量材料干预效果。结果显示，低感知成本均值显著高于高感知成本，表明低感知成本显著促进公众的劝说意愿。

本研究结果表明，尽管公众对劝说他人意愿整体较高，但与自身践行相比，劝说意愿更低，并且不同年龄群体在自身践行和劝说他人上没有显著差异。而描述性规范和感知成本是影响公众劝说意愿的主要因素，并且亲环境行为的高描述性规范信息和花费较低的感知成本更能促进公众的劝说意愿。

本研究是亲环境行为领域里的一次探新，通过劝说他人的视角研究有关的影响因素，并在梳理文献的基础上采用实证研究的方法对可能的影响因素进行验证，是一次有意义的尝试，能够对改善政策措施提供一些借鉴参考。

Environmental problems threaten the fate of all humanity, and there is an urgent need to address the environmental crisis. In assessing future sustainable development goals, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the factors that influence human pro-environmental behavior. Previous studies on the factors influencing pro-environmental behavior have focused on individual micro-level (including motivations and impediments to pro-environmental behavior) and group-level (mainly from the perspective of social identity), focusing on the effects of internal variables within individuals or external variables such as situations acting on actors, and very few studies have explored the interactions between actors. In the process of interpersonal communication, people are inevitably influenced by the words and behaviors of others, exchanging ideas and influencing behavior through sharing, advising, and persuading. In addition, there may be differences in pro-environmental behaviour between age groups, with older people being more able to implement individual environmental behaviours, while younger people will engage in more pro-environmental behaviour in the public sphere. This study explores the public's willingness to persuade others with two contrasts, self-acting and persuading others, and explores potential age differences. then combs through the literature to identify several possible influences and confirms the derived hypothesis tests with a survey experiment study.

First, Study 1 investigated the public's willingness to persuade others. 300 valid data were collected through an online questionnaire, which measured the subjects' willingness to engage in pro-environmental behavior and to persuade others to engage in pro-environmental behavior, respectively. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that self-practice and persuasion were moderately correlated, and paired samples t-tests showed that self-practice was significantly higher than persuasion on all dimensions of pro-environmental behaviour, indicating that the public was less willing to persuade others to participate in pro-environmental behaviour than self-practice. The results of the ANOVA showed that after controlling for demographic variables, practicing on one's own was still higher than persuading others.

Secondly, Study 2 discusses the factors that influence the public's willingness to persuade. Several possible influencing factors, namely social norms, perceived costs, environmental and personal benefits, and privacy, were combed through the literature and validated. Based on the results of Study 1，three questions each on pro- environmental behaviours that were more and less likely to be persuasive were selected from the Study 1 questionnaire to validate each of these factors. 260 valid data were collected through an online questionnaire. Paired-samples t-tests confirmed that social norms, perceived costs and personal benefits had a significant effect on the public's willingness to persuade others to engage in pro-environmental behaviours.

In order to verify the influence of the above factors on willingness to persuade, an experimental design was required to test for causality. Therefore, descriptive norms and perceived cost were chosen as representative factors to verify the causal relationship with willingness to persuade. Stu即3 first examined the relationship with descriptive norms, using a between-subjects design in which 244 valid data were collected online and subjects were divided into a high norms group, a low norms group and a control group to read the corresponding text material, after which the effect of the material intervention was measured. One-way ANOVA results showed that the high descriptive norm mean was significantly higher than the low descriptive norm, indicating that the high descriptive norm significantly promoted the public's willingness to persuade.

Study 4 had the same experimental design as Study 3, examining the mechanisms of perceived cost influence, again using a between-subj ects design, with 240 valid data collected online and subjects divided into a high-cost group, a low-cost group and a control group, who read the corresponding text material and later measured the effect of the material intervention. The results showed that the mean value of low perceived cost was significantly higher than that of high perceived cost, indicating that low perceived cost significantly contributed to the public's willingness to persuade.

The results of this study show that although the public's willingness to persuade others is high overall, it is lower when compared to their own practice, and there are no significant differences between age groups in terms of their own practice and persuasion of others. Descriptive norms and perceived cost are the main factors influencing the public's willingness to persuade, and high descriptive normative information and low perceived cost of pro-environmental behaviour are more likely to promote the public's willingness to persuade.

This study is a novel approach in the field of pro-environmental behavior. It is a meaningful attempt to examine the influencing factors through the perspective of persuading others, and to verify the possible influencing factors by using an empirical research method based on the literature.