健康与遗传心理学研究室知识库

打闹游戏是学龄前儿童的主要游戏形式之一，亲子打闹游戏是父亲参与家庭养育的重要方式和特征。打闹游戏的进行和持续需要双方对对方情绪需求的敏感和及时反应、对自身力量和情绪强度的调节和合理表达。游戏中竞争和合作的平衡为儿童构建了锻炼交往技能、开展有效社交的虚拟空间，有利于儿童社会能力的发展和未来的社会适应。本研究采用观察法和问卷法，分别从父子打闹游戏的质量和频率两方面探讨我国文化背景下父子打闹游戏的特征、影响因素及其与儿童社会能力发展的关系。

本研究分为两个部分。研究一采用观察法，根据标准亲子打闹游戏程序C Rough-and-Tumble Play Quality, RTP-Q，对32组学龄前儿童家庭的父子打闹游戏进行录像。两位编码员根据打闹游戏质量视频编码表对视频资料进行独立编码评分，对父子打闹游戏质量的表现情况、特征和影响因素进行初步的探索。研究结果如下:

父子打闹游戏总体质量方面，30%的参与家庭达到高分评级;父亲表现的8个项目中“联结能力”达到高分水平的占比90%以上，而“游戏能力”中低水平的占比则达40%以上;儿童表现的2个项目中“情绪愉悦”和“身体投入”达到高分水平的均占比80%以上，儿童表现普遍较为突出;双方互动表现的6个项目中“温暖互惠”达到高分水平的占比超过90%，而“优势平衡”中低水平占比则达30%以上。

研究二采用问卷法，以801名学龄前儿童的父亲为研究对象，通过发放父母游戏与照顾问卷(Parental Play and Care Questionnaire, PPCQ )、幼儿社会能力与行为评定量表(Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation, SCBE-30),亲子关系量表(Child-Parent Relationship Scale, CPRS)以及情绪调节检核表C Emotion Regulation Checklist, ERC )，收集父子打17游戏频率、儿童社会能力、父子亲密关系和儿童情绪调节的相关数据，构建父子打闹游戏频次对儿童社会能力影响的多重中介模型，进一步探讨父子打闹游戏与儿童社会能力的关系和作用机制。研究结果如下:

(1)父子打闹游戏频率在父亲年龄、母亲学历和家庭月平均收入上呈现显著差异:父亲较年轻、母亲高学历和家庭月平均收入高的家庭，父子打闹游戏显著多于父亲年长、母亲低学历和家庭月平均收入低的家庭;儿童社会能力在儿童性别、年龄、父亲学历和家庭月平均收入上呈现显著差异:女孩、年龄较大儿童、父亲高学历和家庭月平均收入高的家庭，儿童社会能力显著高于男孩、年龄较小儿童、父亲低学历和家庭月平均收入低的家庭。

（2)相关分析表明，父子打闹游戏、儿童社会能力、父子亲密与儿童情绪调节两两之间均存在显著正相关。

（3)中介效应检验显示，父子打闹游戏对儿童社会能力存在显著的直接效应，并可分别通过父子亲密的中介和父子亲密、儿童情绪调节形成的链式中介产生间接效应。

研究结论:父子打闹游戏中父亲的主导作用明显，在关系维护的意愿和能力上表现突出，在游戏进程的主导和把控上积极主动，在夸张幽默、创意想象的能力上被动不足。父子打闹游戏频率对儿童社会能力发展有显著的积极影响，父子亲密与儿童情绪调节在其中起中介作用。

Rough-and-tumble play(RTP) is one of the main forms of preschool children, and is an important way and characteristic for fathers to participate in family upbringing. The progress and persistence of RTP require both parties to be sensitive and responsive to each other's emotional needs, and to make adjustment and reasonable expression of their own strength and emotional intensity. The balance between competition and cooperation in the game builds a virtual space for children to exercise their communication skills and carry out effective social interaction, which is conducive to the development of children's social competence and future social adaptation. Based on predecessors, this study used both observation and questionnaire methods to collected data and explored the characteristics, influencing factors of RTP in Chinese Cultural Context and the relationship with children's social competence in terms of quality and quantity.

This study includes two parts. Study 1:using the observation method, we selected 32 groups of preschool children's families to do father-child RTP and be taken videos. Using Rough-and-Tumble Play Quality Scale(RTP-Q), two coders scored the video data independently to explore the performance, characteristics and influencing factors of the quality of father-child RTP。The results are as follows:

The overall quality of the father-child RTP was generally high: 75% of the families reached the high score level; In the eight items of father's performance, more than 90% of the families reached the high score level in the item of "bonding ability", and more than 40% of the families got the low level in the item of "playfulness"; In the two items of children's performance, "emotional pleasure" and "physical involvement" achieved high scores accounted for more than 80%, and children's performance was generally outstanding; In the six items of interaction between the two sides, the proportion of "tacit warmth" with high score was more than 90%, and the proportion of” dominance balance" with low level accounted for more than 30%.

Study 2: using the questionnaire method, fathers of 801 preschool children were selected as the research object. Through the distribution of Parental Play and Care Questionnaire(PPCQ), Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation(SCBE-30), Child-Parent Relationship Scale(CPRS) and Emotion Regulation Checklist(ERC), the related data of the frequency of father-child RTP, children's social competence, father-child intimate relationship and children's emotion regulation were collected, and a mediation model was constructed to further explore the mechanism of the relationship between father-child RTP and children's social competence. The results are as follows:

(1) The frequency of father-child RTP shows significant differences in father's age, mother's education background and average monthly family income: the frequency of father-child RTP is significantly higher in the families with younger father, higher education background of mother and higher family monthly income than in the families with older father, lower education background of mother and lower family monthly income; There are significant differences in children's social competence in terms of gender, age, father's education background and family monthly income: the social competence of children in girls，older children, families with higher education background of father and higher family monthly income is significantly higher than those in families with boys, younger children, lower education background of father and lower family monthly income.

(2) There is a significant positive correlation between father-child RTP, children's social competence, father-child closeness and children's emotion regulation.

(3) The mediation effect shows that father-child RTP has a significant direct effect on children's social competence, and it also has an indirect effect through the mediation of father-child closeness, as well as the chain mediation formed by father-child closeness and children's emotion regulation.

Conclusion: Father plays a obvious leading role in the RTP, showing outstanding willingness and ability to maintain relationships, active in dominance and controlling the game, and passive in exaggerating humor and creative imagination. The frequency of father-child RTP has a significant positive impact on the development of children's social competence, and can indirectly promote the development of children's social competence through father-child closeness and children's emotion regulation.