认知与发展心理学研究室知识库

个体每天都会做出各种选择和决定。拥有选择通常被认为是个体自由的重要指标，也被诸多研究证实可以对个体的能力、成就、健康和幸福等起到积极的作用。近年来，学习和记忆领域的研究者们开始考察选择对记忆的影响，发现选择可以促进记忆表现，即记忆选择效应。目前关于记忆选择效应的研究多聚焦于成人，尚不清楚儿童是否存在记忆选择效应以及儿童期的记忆选择效应如何发展。

本研究通过四个实验考察5-9岁儿童(N 289)的记忆选择效应的发展特点。四个实验均采用无结果选择范式，并结合编码一测试两阶段的记忆研究范式。实验数据采用广义线性混合模型和传统的方差分析进行计算。实验一(n=39)考察学龄前儿童(5-6岁)的记忆选择效应，发现5岁儿童出现了记忆选择效应的趋势。实验二(n=109)考察小学一二三年级儿童(6-9岁)的记忆选择效应，发现6到9岁儿童具有记忆选择效应，且该效应不受年龄的影响。为确保实验一二研究结果的可靠和可重复性，实验三(n=73)采用不同的实验材料(实验一二:室内室外图片，实验三:生物非生物图片)来验证实验一和实验二的结果。实验三被试的年龄涵盖了实验一二被试的年龄范围(5-9岁)，实验三重复了实验一二的结果。也就是说，儿童在5岁时就已经出现了记忆选择效应，且5-9岁儿童的记忆选择效应没有差异。实验四(n=67)，进一步考察群体内重要他人(母亲)选择对5-9岁儿童记忆的影响，发现母亲选择对儿童的记忆效果没有显著影响。

本研究揭示了5-9岁儿童的记忆选择效应，补充了记忆选择效应的发展理论，提示记忆选择效应具有跨年龄的稳定性。研究结果对于我们理解选择、动机及其对学习和记忆的影响具有重要的理论价值。本研究说明5-9岁儿童对自主有强烈的需求，重要他人选择对其影响较小，提示家长和教师要重视学生的自主选择。本研究结果对当下的家庭教育和教育改革具有重要的现实意义。

Individuals make a wide range of choices and decisions every day. Choice is often seen as an important indicator of individual freedom and has been shown in numerous studies to have a positive effect on an individual's ability, performance, health and well-being. In recent years, researchers in the field of learning and memory have begun to investigate the effects of choice on memory and have found that choice can facilitate memory performance, known as the choice effect on memory. Much of the current research of choice effect on memory has focused on adults; it is unclear whether choice effect on memory exists in children and how it develops during childhood.

In this study, the developmental characteristics of the effects of choice on memory in children aged 5一9 years (N 289). All four experiments used the no-outcome selection paradigm combined with the encoding-test two-stage memory study paradigm. Experimental data were calculated using generalized linear mixed models and traditional ANOVA.Experiment 1 (n=39) investigated the effects of choice on memory in preschool children (5-6 years old) and found that 5-year-old children show a trend towards the effects of choice on memory. Experiment 2 (n=109) investigated tthe effects of choice on memory in first, second and third grade primary school children (6一9 years old) and found that children aged 6 to 9 have the effects of choice on memory, which is not influenced by age. In order to ensure the reliability and replicability of the results from experiments 1 and 2, Experiment 3 (n=73) used different materials (indoors and outdoors pictures in experiments 1 and 2, and biological and non-biological pictures in Experiment 3) to verify the results from experiments 1 and 2. The age range of participants in Experiment 3 covered that of experiments 1 and 2 (5-9 years old), and Experiment 3 replicated the results of experiments 1 and 2. In other words, children exhibit the effects of choice on memory at the age of 5, and the memory selection effect is not different between children aged 5-9. Experiment 4 (n=67) further investigated the influence of significant others (mothers) on the memory of 5-9 year old children and found that the mother's choice did not significantly affect the memory performance of the children. This study reveals the choice effect on memory of children aged 5一9 years, complements the development theory of choice effect on memory, and suggests that choice effect on memory is stable across ages. The research results have important theoretical value for us to understand choice, motivation and their impact on learning and memory.

This study indicates that children aged 5-9 have a strong demand for autonomy, and the influence of important others' choices is relatively small. It suggests that parents and teachers should pay attention to students' autonomous choices. The results of this study have important practical significance for current family education and educational reform.