健康与遗传心理学研究室知识库

心理治疗信息中包含很多积极性和适应性信息，这与焦虑个体内心的负性图式不一致，可能会导致他们对心理治疗信息表现出记忆缺失。但心理治疗效果的长期维持离不开来访者对心理治疗过程和治疗信息的长时记忆，对真实治疗过程的记忆会为当事人后续日常生活中发生改变提供资源，来访者从心理治疗中获得的有效信息会以某种方式保存在他们的记忆和经验结构中，提升来访者对治疗信息的记忆是优化和保持治疗效果的重要途径。因此，提升焦虑个体的治疗记忆具有重要的治疗意义。目前临床研究已经开始重视治疗记忆的重要性，也发现记忆支持策略可以让治疗效果得到改善，但相关的实证研究较少，所以本研究尝试通过实验室研究，使用“心理痛苦问题一积极性治疗解答”(简称“问题一解答”)来模拟心理治疗过程中咨询师与来访者之间的互动，探究焦虑个体是否对治疗性解答存在记忆缺陷，并同时探究使用隐喻编码治疗性解答和提高对心理痛苦问题的提取意图是否可以提升焦虑个体对治疗性解答的记忆。分为以下两个研究进行:

研究一采用解答的新旧再认任务，探究对解答的隐喻编码是否比非隐喻编码更具有记忆优势，以及焦虑个体对治疗性解答的记忆是否显著低于健康个体。研究一招募了124名被试(平均年龄M-- 23.35 SD= 1.58 )，其中有轻度以上焦虑症状的62人为焦虑组，其余62人为健康组。实验分记忆编码和提取两个阶段进行，在每个项目的记忆编码阶段先呈现心理痛苦问题，然后呈现隐喻(或非隐喻)的治疗性解答，在编码结束后的第7天完成解答的新旧再认任务。结果发现:（1)焦虑被试对治疗性解答的击中率、正确再认数和记忆辨别力d’都显著低于健康被试;(2)隐喻编码解答的正确再认数、记忆辨别力d'、判断标准p都显著高于非隐喻编码解答。也就是说，相比于健康个体，焦虑个体对治疗性解答的记忆表现更差;隐喻编码解答比非隐喻编码更具记忆优势，可以显著提升焦虑和健康个体对治疗性解答的记忆。

研究二在研究一的基础上，针对焦虑个体回避负性记忆提取的特点，通过在记忆提取阶段增设是否对心理痛苦问题再认来操纵个体对心理痛苦问题的记忆提取意图的高低，目的是比较个体在高低提取意图下对治疗性解答的记忆是否有差异，考察提高对问题的记忆提取意图是否会提升焦虑个体对治疗性解答的记忆。研究二招募了155名被试(平均年龄M-- 22.35 SD= 1.81)，其中有轻度以上焦虑症状的76人为焦虑组，其余79人为健康组。实验分为记忆编码和提取两个阶段进行，记忆编码阶段与研究一相同，但在第7天记忆提取阶段，高提取意图组对解答进行新旧再认后，还被要求对心理痛苦问题主题词进行再认，目的是阻断焦虑个体对心理痛苦问题的回避，提高对问题的提取意图，低提取意图组只对解答进行新旧再认。结果发现:(1>高提取意图组焦虑被试对隐喻和非隐喻解答的正确再认数和记忆辨别力d’显著高于低提取意图组焦虑被试;(2)高提取意图组焦虑被试对隐喻解答的记忆辨别力d’显著高于对非隐喻解答的记忆辨别力，同时显著高于低提取意图组焦虑被试对隐喻解答的记忆辨别力，和高提取意图组健康被试没有显著差异;(3)低提取意图组焦虑被试对隐喻解答的记忆辨别力显著低于健康被试。这意味着在心理治疗过程中使用隐喻编码解答并提高对相应问题情境的提取意图可以帮助焦虑个体实现对治疗性解答的最优记忆。

综上，本研究在发现焦虑个体治疗记忆差的基础上，针对焦虑个体对治疗记忆编码差和回避对负性问题提取的特点分别使用隐喻编码治疗性解答和提高问题提取意图来提升焦虑个体的心理治疗记忆，这种针对焦虑个体的治疗记忆提升方法具有一定的创新性，在焦虑个体心理治疗效果的维持上具有实践意义。

Psychotherapy information contains much positive and adaptive information, which is inconsistent with the negative self-schemata of anxious people and may lead to memory deficits for psychotherapy information. However, the long-term maintenance of the psychotherapy effect is inseparable from the client's long-term memory of the psychotherapy process and treatment information. The memory of the real treatment process will provide resources for the subsequent changes in the client's daily life, and the effective information obtained by the client from the psychotherapy will be preserved in their memory and experience structure in a certain way. Improving the client's memory of the treatment information is optimization Therefore, it is of great therapeutic significance to improve the memory of psychological treatment information for anxious individuals. At present, clinical studies have begun to attach importance to therapeutic memory, and it has been found that memory support strategies can improve the therapeutic effect. However, there are few relevant empirical studies. Therefore, the present study attempted to use "mental distress problems一active therapeutic solutions" ("problems-solutions" for short) to simulate the interaction between the counselor and the client during psychotherapy, in order to explore whether anxious individuals have memory defects in therapeutic solutions through laboratory studies. And it was investigated whether the metaphor encoding of therapeutic solutions and improving the retrieval intention of mental distress problems can enhance the memory of therapeutic solutions of anxious individuals. It was divided into the following two studies:

The old and new recognition task of solutions was applied in Study 1 to investigate whether metaphorical encoding of solutions has a memory advantage over literal encoding and whether anxious individuals have significantly lower memory for therapeutic solutions than healthy individuals. Study 1 recruited 124 participants (mean age M=23.35, SD=1.58), 62 people with mild anxiety symptoms above were considered as the anxiety group, and the remaining 62 people were considered as the healthy group. The experiment was divided into two stages of memory encoding and memory retrieval. In the memory encoding stage of each item, mental distress problems were presented first, and then metaphorical (or literal) therapeutic solutions were presented. The results showed that :(1) the correct recognition (CR) numbers and memory discrimination d' of the anxious participants were significantly lower than that of the healthy participants; (2) the CR numbers of metaphorical solutions were significantly higher than that of literal solutions. In other words, anxious individuals had worse memory performance for therapeutic solutions than healthy individuals. Metaphorical solutions have a memory advantage over literal solutions, significantly improving the memory of therapeutic solutions in anxious and healthy individuals.

Based on study 1，in view of the characteristics of anxious individuals' avoidance of threatening mental images, Study 2 manipulated the level of individuals' memory retrieval intention for mental distress problems by adding whether to recognize mental distress problems during memory retrieval. The purpose was to investigate whether improving the retrieval intention of problems could enhance the recognition memory of psychotherapy solutions for anxious people. Stu即2 recruited 155 participants (mean age M-- 22.35，SD= 1.81), of whom 76 had mild or higher anxiety symptoms were in the anxiety group and the remaining 79 were in the heap场group. The experiment was divided into two stages of memory encoding and memory retrieval. The memory encoding was the same as Study 1 .However, at the memory retrieval stage on the 7th day, the group with high retrieval intention was asked to recognize the topic words of mental distress problems after recognizing the old and new solutions, so as to improve the retrieval intention of problems, while the group with low retrieval intention only recognized the old and new solutions. The results showed that :(1) The CR numbers and d' of metaphorical and literal solutions of anxious participants in the high retrieval intention group were significantly higher than those in the low retrieval intention group; (2) CR numbers and d' of anxious participants with high retrieval intention were higher than low retrieval intention. The d' of metaphorical solutions of anxious participants with high retrieval intention was higher than their literal solutions and metaphorical solutions of anxious participants with low retrieval intention. These results demonstrate that better encoding of therapeutic metaphors of solutions and stronger retrieval motivation of distress problems can help anxious individuals achieve optimal memory for psychotherapy solutions.

To sum up, based on finding that anxious individuals have poor therapeutic memory, the present study used metaphorical encoding of therapeutic solutions and enhancement of question retrieval intention respectively to improve the therapeutic memory of anxious individuals, aiming at the characteristics of anxious individuals' poor encoding of therapeutic memory and avoidance of retrieval of negative problems. This therapeutic memory enhancement method for anxious individuals is innovative and has practical significance in the maintenance of psychotherapeutic effect of anxious individuals .