| 其他摘要 | Over-dependence may lead to dependent personality disorder, which endangers individual development and social progress. For emerging adults, entering college is a critical period of separating from parents and cultivating independence. But in real life, some parents pay too much attention to and interfere with their children's learning and life. The way of upbringing virtually provides fertile soil for children to form dependent personality. Therefore, this study will adopt a cross-sectional study of large samples and a longitudinal study of multiple samples to investigate the impact of helicopter parenting style on the dependent personality of emerging adults in China and the mechanism between them. Moreover, this study will design the plan to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of the intervention in reducing individual dependent personality traits by affecting the self-identity of emerging adults. In general, the paper includes four studies. First, the reliability and validity of the Dependent Personality Questionnaire used in China's emerging adults were tested, which laid a measurement foundation for the next step in studying Dependency Personality in China's emerging adults. Second, study one and study two explored the relationship and mediating mechanism between helicopter parenting and dependent personality using large cross一sectional samples and longitudinal data. Furthermore, the last study designed a corresponding research program based on the intervention of self-identity, to decrease the dependence personality tendency of emerging adults.
The pilot study tested the reliability and validity of the Dependent Personality Questionnaire. Specifically, the pilot study included 5219 participants' data and 510 retest data. The instruments used for the test include the Dependent Personality Questionnaire, the Ten一Item Personality Inventory, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Mental Health Inventory, the Subjective Well-being, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Through item analysis, structural validity test, criterion validity test and increasing validity test, reliability test and measurement invariance test of the questionnaire, it is found that the questionnaire is a single factor scale with positive and negative wording effects. The questionnaire has acceptable reliability and validity among Chinese emerging individuals. Researchers can use the questionnaire to test and evaluate the level of the dependent personality of Chinese emerging individuals by calculating the total or average score of the questionnaire.
Study one explored the relationship between helicopter parenting and dependent personality and its mediating mechanism in a cross-sectional study. Specifically, the cross-sectional data of study one included 4594 participants. The questionnaires tested included the Helicopter parenting questionnaire, the Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood, the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status questionnaire, and the Dependent personality questionnaire. Through variable-centered and person-centered analyses such as correlation analysis, mediation analysis, and latent profile analysis, it was found that helicopter parenting is significantly positively correlated with dependent personality. The possibility, instability, identity exploration, and feeling "In-Between" have significant mediating effects between helicopter parenting and dependent personality. In the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status questionnaire, only the diffusion of identity had a significant mediating effect between helicopter parenting and dependent personality. There are significant differences in the scores of helicopter parenting and dependent personality among the five potential categories of emerging adulthood individuals. The self-identity status of the four potential categories shows significant differences in the scores of helicopter parenting and dependent personality, which indirectly reflects the relationship among helicopter parenting, emerging adulthood individual characteristics/self-identity status, and dependent personality.
Study two explores the relationship and mediating mechanisms between helicopter parenting and dependent personality in two longitudinal data samples. Specifically, sample 1 included 545 study participants. The questionnaires tested include the Helicopter parenting questionnaire, the Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood, and the Dependent personality questionnaire. The participant data of sample 1 was tracked three times, with an interval of one month each time. Through correlation analysis and mediation analysis, it was found that helicopter parenting significantly positively predicted the level of dependent personality. Instability has a significant mediating effect between helicopter parenting and dependent personality. Sample 2 includes 2329 study participants. The questionnaires tested include the Helicopter parenting questionnaire, the Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood, the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status questionnaire, and the Dependent personality questionnaire. The participant data of Sample 2 was tracked twice, with an interval of six months. Through correlation analysis and mediation analysis, it was found that helicopter parenting significantly positively predicts a dependent personality. Instability and feeling "In-Between" play a significant mediating role between helicopter parenting and dependent personality. The diffusion of self-identity has a significant mediating effect between helicopter parenting and dependent personality. The results of Study One and Study Two interactively verify the positive relationship between helicopter parenting and dependent personality, as well as the specific and robust mediating mechanism between helicopter parenting and dependent personality, which includes instability, feeling "In-Between", and self-identity diffusion.
We designed a program to intervene in self-identity, which changes the level of the dependent personality of individuals based on the self-identity of emerging adults in study 3. Specifically, Study 3 involved a total of 460 participants, including 265 in the intervention group and 195 in the control group. This study designed an intervention plan for emerging adults' self-identity based on the theory of self-identity, previous intervention plans, and the results of Studies 1 and 2. In natural settings, the intervention group was given a weekly, 90-minute intervention course lasting for four weeks, with no intervention in the control group. The intervention group underwent a pre-intervention test (T1), a mid-intervention test (T2) two weeks later, a post-intervention test (T3) four weeks later and a follow-up measurement (T4) one week after the end of the intervention. The control group maintained regular life learning and did not participate in intervention courses, only maintaining questionnaire measurements of the same items as the intervention group. The two groups of measured questionnaires include the Helicopter parenting questionnaire, the Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood, the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status questionnaire, and the Dependent personality questionnaire. Through independent sample T-test and repeated measurement analysis of variance, it was found that there was a significant difference between the intervention group and the control group in the feeling "In-Between" and the level of self-identity diffusion at the T2 point, and the level of dependent personality between the two groups was marginally significant at the T4 point. This indicates that intervention courses can effectively reduce the level of feeling "In-Between" and self-identity diffusion in emerging adulthood, and intervention courses can effectively reduce the individual's level of a dependent personality.
This paper focuses on a series of scientific issues related to the cultivation and development of dependent personality among young adults in real society. It adds to research on family and individual factors that affect the formation of dependent personality among young adults in China, and creatively designs and implements plans to reduce the level of individual dependent personality. To sum up, helicopter parenting can enhance the level of dependent personality among emerging individuals, and helicopter parenting will indirectly enhance the level of dependent personality by increasing the level of instability, feeling "In-Between" and self-identity diffusion. The program based on self-identity intervention can significantly reduce the level of an individual's feeling "In-Between" and self-identity diffusion, and the level of dependent personality. This study provides a new research perspective for the study of dependent personality in emerging adults, filling in the antecedent variables that affect the formation of dependent personality, and has certain theoretical and practical value. |
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