社会与工程心理学研究室知识库

COVID-19 这场全球公共卫生危机不仅严重冲击了全球人口的身体健康，更在短期内对经济、社会结构以及公众心理健康造成深远的影响。尽管大量研究表 明新冠疫情对公众的心理健康产生了重大的影响，包括疫情期间对感染新冠的恐 惧造成心理健康负担的增加、社会隔离产生的孤立和孤独感、经济和就业压力以 及心理健康服务的中断，这些因素都可能导致自杀风险的增加。但是我们并不知道新冠疫情对自杀风险的影响是否持续到了后疫情时代。另外，青年时期是个体心理发展的关键时期，这个年龄段的人群在情感和认同的探索上面临众多挑战。疫情导致的诸多问题可能会损害他们的心理健康，增加其自杀风险。并且青年群 体是社会的建设者和未来领导者，他们的心理健康直接关系到社会的未来发展。 因此，对青年新冠感染人群的自杀风险机制进行研究，以及探索方便快捷的心理干预方式变得尤为重要。

为了探究新冠疫情对自杀风险的持续影响，阐明后疫情时代青年新冠感染人 群的自杀风险机制，以及做好新冠疫情的预后措施，本研究分别从探究青年新冠 感染人群的自杀风险机制和研发 PST 聊天机器人为青年新冠感染人群提供自助 心理干预这两个方向进行。

（1）研究一对新冠疫情爆发前、期间和结束后的全国自杀风险水平进行比较。结果显示疫情期间的自杀意念水平显著高于疫情前（MD=0.0011, p<0.001）， 并且疫情结束后的自杀意念水平也显著高于疫情前（MD=0.0005, p<0.05），而疫 情后的自杀意念水平著低于疫情期间（MD= -0.0007, p<0.001）；疫情期间的精神 疾病水平显著高于疫情前（MD=24.00, p<0.001），疫情结束后的精神疾病水平也 显著高于疫情前（MD=22.65, p<0.05），而疫情后的精神疾病水平与疫情期间没有 显著差异（MD=1.36, p>0.05）。说明在疫情结束后自杀意念水平相较疫情期间虽 然有所下降，但仍然高于疫情前；而精神疾病在疫情期间显著高于疫情前，并且 在疫情结束后未见明显缓解。研究一的结果表明新冠疫情对自杀风险有持续影响， 仍然需要关注后疫情时代的自杀风险机制。

（2）研究二对青年新冠感染人群自杀风险机制的路径模型进行检验。结果 显示新冠后遗症对新冠肺炎恐惧的路径系数显著（β=0.213，p<0.01），新冠肺炎 恐惧对抑郁的路径系数显著（β=0.188，p<0.01），抑郁对自杀可能性的路径系数 显著（β=0.695，p<0.001）。另外，还建立了新冠后遗症、新冠肺炎恐惧和抑郁 对自杀可能性四个子维度的路径模型。结果表明自杀可能性及其四个子维度有一 条共同的机制路径，即新冠后遗症通过影响新冠肺炎恐惧，从而影响抑郁来对自 杀风险产生影响。但对于绝望和敌意这两个子维度来说，除了上述路径，新冠后遗症还可以通过影响新冠肺炎恐惧，从而对绝望和敌意产生影响，不一定需要经 过抑郁。这说明新冠后遗症是后疫情时代自杀风险的主要来源之一，虽然没有直 接影响自杀风险，但可以通过影响其他心理因素来对自杀风险产生影响。另外， 对于绝望和敌意来说，新冠肺炎恐惧本身已经具有足够强度对其产生直接影响， 不一定需要经过抑郁过程。研究二的结果为我们提供了后疫情时代公共卫生政策 制定和精神健康服务需求评估的重要依据。

（3）研究三开发青年新冠感染人群的自助心理干预工具，对构建的 PST 聊天机器人（实验组）和普通聊天机器人（对照组）进行比较。结果显示在问 题认知维度实验组的评分显著高于对照组（t(88.31) = 3.14, p = 0.002），在问题 解决维度实验组也显著优于对照组（t(98) = 3.34, p = 0.001），但在关系质量维 度实验组和对照组的差异不显著（t(91.23) = 1.07, p = 0.286）。此外，性别和有 无新冠后遗症在评价聊天机器人的有效性上未表现出显著差异。研究结果支持 PST 聊天机器人在后疫情时代心理健康干预中的应用，特别是在帮助用户识别 问题和探索解决方案方面。即便 PST 聊天机器人的人机关系质量没有显著提 升，但聊天机器人的普遍可接受性和广泛适用性仍然在心理健康领域表现出极 大的应用潜力。

总的来说，新冠疫情对全国范围内的心理健康造成了严重冲击，后疫情时代 的自杀风险仍然值得重视和投入资源进行干预。了解青年新冠感染群体自杀风险 的心理机制对于设计有效的干预策略至关重要。同时，PST 聊天机器人的技术创 新在提供心理健康支持方面显示出积极的人工智能应用前景。

The global public health crisis of COVID-19 has not only severely impacted the physical health of the global population, but also profoundly influenced the economy, social structure, and public mental health in the short term. Although numerous studies have shown that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public mental health, including increased psychological burden due to fear of infection, isolation and loneliness caused by social distancing, economic and employment pressure, and disruption of mental health services, these factors may all contribute to increased suicide risk. However, we do not know whether the impact of COVID-19 on suicide risk persists into the post-pandemic era. Additionally, youth is a critical period for individual psychological development, with numerous challenges in emotional and identity exploration. The myriad issues caused by the pandemic may damage their mental health and increase their suicide risk. As youth are the builders and future leaders of society, their mental health is directly related to the future development of society. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the suicide risk mechanisms of youth infected with COVID-19 and explore convenient and effective psychological intervention methods.

To investigate the lasting impact of COVID-19 on suicide risk, clarify the suicide risk mechanisms among youth infected with COVID-19 in the post-pandemic era, and develop prognostic measures for COVID-19, this study focused on two directions: exploring the suicide risk mechanisms among youth infected with COVID-19 and developing a PST chatbot to provide self-help psychological intervention for this group.

(1) Study One compared the national suicide risk levels before, during, and after the outbreak of COVID-19. The results showed that the level of suicidal ideation during the pandemic was significantly higher than before the pandemic (MD=0.0011, p0.05). This indicates that while the level of suicidal ideation has decreased somewhat after the pandemic compared to the pandemic period, it remains higher than before the pandemic. Moreover, the level of mental illness during the pandemic was significantly higher than before the pandemic and did not show significant improvement after the pandemic. The results of Study One suggest that COVID-19 has a lasting impact on suicide risk, and it is still necessary to focus on suicide risk mechanisms in the post-pandemic era.

(2) Study Two tested the path model of suicide risk mechanisms among youth infected with COVID-19. The results showed that the path coefficient from COVID-19 sequelae to fear of COVID-19 was significant (β=0.213, p＜0.01), and the path coefficient from fear of COVID-19 to depression was also significant (β=0.188, ＜0,001). Additionally, path models were established for the four sub-dimensions of suicide possibility, including COVID-19 sequelae, fear of COVID19, and depression. The results indicated that there is a common mechanism path for suicide possibility and its four sub-dimensions, where COVID-19 sequelae influence suicide risk by affecting fear of COVID-19, which then affects depression. However, for the sub-dimensions of despair and hostility, in addition to the above path, COVID19 sequelae can also influence despair and hostility through fear of COVID-19, without necessarily going through depression. This suggests that COVID-19 sequelae are one of the main sources of suicide risk in the post-pandemic era, although they do not directly affect suicide risk, but can influence it through other psychological factors. Moreover, for despair and hostility, fear of COVID-19 itself has a sufficient intensity to directly affect them, without necessarily going through the process of depression. The results of Study Two provide important evidence for the formulation of public health policies and the assessment of mental health service needs in the post-pandemic era.

(3) Study Three aimed to develop a self-help psychological intervention tool for young people infected with COVID-19, comparing the PST chatbot (experimental group) with an ordinary chatbot (control group). The results showed that the scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group in the dimension of problem recognition (t(88.31) = 3.14, p = 0.002). Similarly, the experimental group outperformed the control group in the dimension of problemsolving (t(98) = 3.34, p = 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the dimension of relationship quality (t(91.23) = 1.07, p = 0.286). Additionally, gender and the presence of COVID-19 sequelae did not show significant differences in evaluating the effectiveness of the chatbots. The findings support the application of the PST chatbot in mental health interventions in the post-pandemic era, particularly in helping users identify problems and explore solutions. Although the PST chatbot did not significantly improve the quality of human-machine relationships, its general acceptability and widespread applicability still demonstrate great potential for application in the field of mental health.

Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe impacts on mental health nationwide, and suicide risk in the post-pandemic era remains deserving of attention and resources for intervention. Understanding the psychological mechanisms of suicide risk among young people infected with COVID-19 is crucial for designing effective intervention strategies. At the same time, the technological innovation of the PST chatbot shows promising prospects for artificial intelligence applications in providing mental health support.