健康与遗传心理学研究室知识库

模棱两可的社交情境充斥着日常生活。然而，理论表明，抑郁个体倾向于以一种消极或具有威胁性的方式对模糊信息加工，即存在消极解释偏向的特点。解释发生过程在自动化程度上是一个连续体。自动化水平较高的解释 (即时解释偏向)可能反映的是个体自动化思维的特点，而反思或精细加工阶段的解释 (延时解释偏向）可能反映的是认知重评的能力。然而，目前研究大部分只关注某一个 阶段，并以此来描述某个群体的解释偏向特点，难免出现以偏概全的现象。同时，以往研究未能从解释偏向两阶段不同表现划分群体。此外，少部分研究提示，正念与缓解消极解释偏向有关。然而，目前研究局限于将正念视为单一结构，使用 横断数据，初步检验了正念和解释偏向之间的关系。目前尚不清楚特质正念各个维度与即时和延时消极解释偏向之间的潜在联系，以及正念训练是否能够以及如何缓解即时和延时消极解释偏向。为了探究上述问题，本论文以亚临床抑郁在校大学生为研究对象，从特质正念和正念干预两个层面，对即时和延时解释偏向两个阶段进行深入探究。

研究一采用问卷调查的方式，旨在探索特质正念子维度与解释偏向和抑郁的关系。实验一检验了659名在校大学生群体中，消极解释偏向在特质正念维度与抑郁之间的中介作用。结果表明，在特质正念五个维度中，只有描述和觉知地行 动通过消极解释偏向与抑郁间接相关。实验二采用纵向网络分析的方法，以完成 两次测试的390名在校大学生群体为被试。结果表明，觉知地行动和不评判显著负向预测消极解释偏向；观察显著正向预测消极解释偏向；描述可以通过抑郁显著预测消极解释偏向；抑郁显著正向预测消极解释偏向。

研究二采用元分析的方法对 75 项抑郁与解释偏向研究量化分析，涉及12965名被试。结果表明，抑郁与消极解释偏向之间存在显著的正关联 (Hedge’s g=1.031)；社交性材料对抑郁与解释偏向关系的调节作用不显著；不同阶段解释 偏向的调节作用显著。具体来说，即时消极解释偏向与抑郁的关联强度显著高于延时消极解释偏向与抑郁的关联强度。

研究三采用问卷和行为相结合的方式，旨在探索消极解释偏向两阶段特点以及特质正念维度与其潜在联系。预实验通过三次开放式问卷调查收集情境材料，两次情境句子测评，两次材料调整，最终编制包含128条模糊句子情境和88对匹配情境词汇，用于后续即时解释偏向测量。实验四使用词句子联想范式测量即时解释偏向，解释偏向情境问卷测量延时解释偏向。168 名在校大学生完成了行为和问卷测试。结果表明：(1)高抑郁的个体在即时和延时消极解释偏向上得分均显著高于低抑郁水平的个体；(2)以个体在即时和延时消极解释偏向方面得分为指标，通过潜在剖面分析发现存在三组群体分别是即时低延时中组、即时中延时高组和即时高延时低组，并且即时中延时高组在抑郁方面显著高于其他两组。 (3) 即时消极解释偏向与观察和不反应显著正相关，延时消极解释偏向与观察显著正相关；与不评判和觉知地行动显著负相关。实验五通过采用脑电技术，以 N400和P600为指标，探索不同抑郁水平在校大学生即时解释偏向差异。N400 结果表明，在C3和Pz点，低抑郁群体对良性词汇的 N400 平均波幅显著要小于消极词汇的平均波幅，这表明在低抑郁群体中，良性词汇整合到模糊情境中更难。以P600为指标时，组别和效价的交互作用不显著。

研究四招募了105名亚临床抑郁在校大学生，随机分配到等待对照组、正念书写组和正念组，两组干预组进行两期，每期持续 21 天，每天 15-30 分钟的自助式手机干预训练。结果表明，在干预效果方面：(1) 正念和正念书写干预能够显著提高观察、描述、不评判和不反应水平；在等待对照组的觉知地行动水平显著下降的情况下，正念书写组和正念组保持不变；(2) 正念干预能够降低延时消极解释偏向，而正念书写组的延时消极解释偏向减少不显著；正念干预和正念书写干预能够提高延时积极解释偏向；(3) 以反应时为指标时，正念干预和正念书写对即时消极解释偏向和即时良性解释偏向改善效果不显著；以频数为指标时， 正念组不仅能够有效缓解即时消极解释偏向，还能改善即时积极解释偏向。在机制探索方面：(1) 在延时解释偏向方面，觉知地行动和不反应在组别与延时消极解释偏向之间的中介作用显著； (2) 在即时解释偏向方面，以反应时为指标时，正念各维度在组别与消极解释偏向之间的中介作用不显著；以频数为指标时，不评判和不反应在组别与即时消极解释之间的中介作用显著；觉知地行动是提高即时积极解释频率的中介变量。

综上所述，本论文发现，根据解释偏向两个阶段的特征，存在三类群体，并且即时中延时高人群的抑郁水平显著高于其他两组。此外，不管是特质正念还是正念干预层面，正念子维度觉知地行动在缓解延时消极解释偏向方面发挥独特作用；不反应水平的提高对即时和延时消极解释偏向均有缓解作用。这些结果不仅 对解释偏向两阶段的了解更加深入，也对特质正念以及正念干预缓解抑郁相关的解释偏向具有重要理论和实践意义。

Ambiguous social situations fill our daily lives. However, theories suggested that individuals with depression tend to process ambiguous information in a negative or threatening manner, which is characterized by negative interpretation bias. The process of interpretation is a core part of individual information processing, and its occurrence is a continuum in terms of automation. Interpretations with higher levels of automation (immediate interpretation bias) may reflect the characteristics of individual automated thinking, while interpretations in the reflective or elaborated processing stage (delayed interpretation bias) may reflect the ability of cognitive reappraisal. However, most current research only focused on a certain stage and used it to describe the interpretation bias of a certain group, which inevitably leads to the phenomenon of being biased and generalizing. Meanwhile, no previous studies categorized heterogeneous groups based on interpretation biases towards different stages of performance. In addition, a few of studies suggested that mindfulness was related to alleviating negative interpretation bias. However, these studies were limited to treating mindfulness as a single structure, using cross-sectional data or brief mindfulness interventions to preliminarily examine the relationship between the mindfulness and interpretation bias. It is currently unclear the potential connections between the various elements of trait mindfulness and the bias towards immediate and delayed negative interpretation, as well as whether mindfulness intervention training can and how to alleviate the bias towards immediate and delayed negative interpretation. To bridge such a gap of knowledge, this dissertation takes subclinical depression among college students as the participants, and explores the effects of trait mindfulness and mindfulness intervention on the two stages of immediate and delayed interpretation bias.

The study one adopted a questionnaire survey method, mainly exploring the relationship between dimensions of trait mindfulness, interpretation bias and depression. Experiment 1 examined the mediating effect of negative interpretation bias between dimensions of trait mindfulness and depression among 659 college students. The results suggested that among the five dimensions of trait mindfulness, only description and acting with awareness were associated with depression through negative interpretation bias. Experiment 2 used cross lagged network analysis method, with 390 college students who completed two tests. The results indicated that acting with awareness and non-judgement were significantly and negatively predicted with negative interpretation bias. Observing significantly and positively predicted negative interpretation bias. Describing predicted negative interpretation bias through depression. Depression significantly and positively predicted negative interpretation bias.

The study two used meta-analysis to investigate 75 studies related to depression and interpretation bias, involving 12965 participants. The results showed a significant positive correlation between depression and negative interpretation bias (Hedge's g=1.031). The moderating effect of social materials on the relationship between depression and interpretation bias was not significant. The moderating effect of interpretation bias at different stages was significant. Specifically, the correlation between immediate negative interpretation bias and depression was significantly stronger than that between delayed negative interpretation bias and depression.

The study three aimed to explore the characteristics of negative interpretation bias in two stages, as well as the potential relationships with dimensions of trait mindfulness. The pre-experiment collected situational materials through three open questionnaires, evaluated situational sentences twice, adjusted materials twice, and ultimately compiled 128 ambiguous sentences and 88 matched contextual vocabulary pairs for subsequent immediate interpretation bias measurements. Experiment 1 used the word-sentence association paradigm to measure immediate interpretation bias and employed a questionnaire to measure delayed interpretation bias. A total of 168 undergraduate students completed both behavioral and questionnaire tests. The results indicated that (1) individuals with high levels of depression scored significantly higher on both immediate and delayed negative interpretation biases compared to individuals with low level of depression. (2) Using individual scores on immediate and delayed negative interpretation biases as indicators, latent profile analysis revealed three subgroups: the immediate low-delayed middle group, the immediate middle-delayed high group, and the immediate high-delayed low group. The immediate middle-delayed high group scored significantly higher in depression compared to the other two groups. (3) The observing dimension significantly and positively correlated with both immediate and delayed negative interpretation biases, while non-reactivity significantly positively correlated with immediate negative interpretation bias only. However, the non-judging and acting with awareness dimensions significantly negatively and correlated with delayed negative interpretation bias. Experiment 2 used ERP techniques, with N400 and P600 as indicators, to explore differences in immediate interpretation bias among different depression groups in college students. N400 results suggested that at C3 and Pz, the average amplitude of N400 for benign words was significantly smaller in the low depression group compared to negative words, indicating that it was difficult to integrate benign words into ambiguous situations in low depression group. However, regarding P600 as an indicator, the interaction between group and valence was not significant.

The study four recruited 105 subclinical depressive college students who were randomly assigned to a wait-list control group, a mindfulness writing group, and a mindfulness group. The two intervention groups underwent two phases, each lasting 21 days, with 15-30 minutes of self-guided mobile intervention training per day. The results revealed the following: (1) Mindfulness and mindfulness writing interventions significantly increased levels of observing, describing, non-judgement, and non- reactivity. While the level of acting with awareness significantly decreased in the waitlist control group, it remained unchanged in the mindfulness writing and mindfulness groups. (2) Mindfulness intervention reduced delayed negative interpretation bias, whereas the reduction in delayed negative interpretation bias in the mindfulness writing group was not significant. Both mindfulness and mindfulness writing interventions increased delayed positive interpretation bias. (3) Regarding reaction time as an indicator, mindfulness intervention and mindfulness writing did not significantly improve immediate negative and benign interpretation bias. However, regarding frequency as an indicator, the mindfulness group effectively alleviated immediate negative interpretation bias and increased positive interpretation bias. In terms of mechanism exploration: (1) Regarding delayed interpretation bias, acting with awareness and non-reactivity showed a significant mediating effect between groups and delayed negative interpretation bias. (2) Regarding immediate interpretation bias, when reaction time was used as an indicator, none of the mindfulness dimensions showed a significant mediating effect between groups and negative interpretation bias. However, when the frequency was used as an indicator, non-judging and non-reactivity served as mediating variables in reducing immediate negative interpretations, while acting with awareness acted as a mediating variable in increasing the frequency of immediate positive interpretations.

In summary, this paper has discovered three heterogeneous groups of individuals in the two stages of interpretation bias, with significant differences in depression levels among different groups. In addition, whether at the level of trait mindfulness or mindfulness intervention, acting with awareness plays a unique role in alleviating delayed negative interpretation bias. Non-reactivity has a alleviating effect on both immediate and delayed negative interpretation biases. These findings deepen our understanding of interpretation bias in two stages and hold important theoretical and practical significance for trait mindfulness and mindfulness interventions in alleviating depression-related interpretation biases.