社会与工程心理学研究室知识库

青春期的孩子面临生理、心理和情绪多重转变，这些压力导致各种心理健康问题的出现。国内外近期的调查均显示青少年的心理健康正在恶化。过往人们侧重于研究青少年抑郁、问题行为等心理健康的风险因素，近年有学者呼吁研究和政策应侧重于关注学生心理健康的预测因素，采取措施提升学生的主观幸福感，以遏制青少年心理健康问题加剧的趋势。本研究透过积极心理学和孩子这两个视角，一方面秉承积极心理学倡导聚焦积极力量，悦纳人性之美的理念，选取家庭环境及个体因素中的积极变量——父母情感温暖、感恩、情绪调节，同时以初、高中生群体为研究对象，基于生物生态学理论，运用结构方程模型、分层回归模 型和模糊集定性比较分析（fsQCA）三种不同的模型和分析策略探索这些积极变量对青少年主观幸福感的作用机制，寻求提高青少年主观幸福感的有效途径，以帮助孩子渡过青春期心理健康危机。

研究一通过对江门地区 876 名青少年进行问卷调查，采用 SPSS 进行相关分析，并用 Mplus 构建了并行中介结构方程模型，通过分组研究变量之间的相关程度及作用机制，结果表明，（1）人口学控制变量分析显示：在学校担任班干部的学生感恩水平更高；居住在城市的学生使用认知重评策略进行情绪调节的能力更强；住校的学生比不住校的学生使用认知重评策略进行情绪调节的能力更强。（2）相关分析显示：父亲情感温暖、母亲情感温暖、感恩、认知重评与生活满意度、情感平衡、主观幸福感度两两之间显著正相关，表达抑制与母亲情感温暖、情感平衡、主观幸福感负相关，与认知重评正相关，与父亲情感温暖、感恩、生 活满意度不相关。（3）中介效应检验显示：父亲情感温暖不仅能正向预测青少年的主观幸福感，还能分别通过感恩和情绪调节的认知重评策略对青少年的主观幸福感起部分中介效应。而母亲情感温暖只能分别通过感恩和情绪调节的认知重评策略对青少年的主观幸福感起完全中介效应。（4）中介效应比较分析显示：母亲情感温暖预测青少年主观幸福感的路径中，感恩与认知重评的中介作用存在差异，感恩的中介效应值显著高于认知重评。（5）青少年发展阶段差异分析显示：父亲情感温暖、母亲情感温暖对青少年主观幸福感预测的直接效应在青少年 不同发展阶段存在显著差异，高中生的直接效应大于初中生。在青少年不同发展阶段的间接效应模型中，初中生和高中生感知父亲情感温暖既可以直接预测青少年主观幸福感，也可以通过感恩的中介作用机制间接预测青少年主观幸福感。初中生感知母亲情感温暖只能通过感恩和认知重评的中介作用机制间接预测青少年主观幸福感。高中生感知母亲情感温暖对青少年主观幸福感预测的直接效应和中介效应均不显著。

研究二通过问卷星采用方便取样的方法对 404 名青少年进行问卷调查，分别 采用分层回归模型和模糊集定性比较分析模型（fsQCA），对变量的单一贡献以及多个变量协同作用的综合贡献进行分析，探索提升青少年主观幸福感的重要变量以及实现青少年主观幸福感的不同路径。针对研究一的不足，扩大了样本的范 围，并将主观幸福感的的 3 个指标：生活满意度、积极情感、消极情感分开研究。结果发现，（1）分层回归模型显示所有前因变量均能预测青少年主观幸福感；3 个指标的影响因子各不相同，其中父亲情感温暖的作用最为明显。（2）运用基 于组态视角的 fsQCA 方法发现主观幸福感是多因素共同作用的结果。三个幸福指数（生活满意度和积极情感、消极情感）都可以通过相同的变量组合来解释：父亲情感温暖、母亲情感温暖、感恩、认知重评。（3）与表达抑制相比，认知重评的情绪调节策略对青少年主观幸福感的作用可能更积极；表达抑制策略与其他条件变量共同作用对主观幸福感产生不同的预测结果。（4）青少年的不同发展阶段、不同性别与其他条件变量共同作用观察到了不同的预测结果。

研究结论：研究结果发现了几种提升青少年主观幸福感的特定途径。父母采用情感温暖养育方式，通过加强感恩教育，引导青少年使用认知重评策略，可以提高主观幸福感，渡过青春期的心理健康危机。父亲情感温暖是主观幸福感的最佳保护因素，应鼓励父亲以情感温暖的方式积极参与共同养育。

Children are facing puberty experience multiple physical, mental and emotional transitions. These transitions put pressure on children, leading to a variety of mental health problems. Recent surveys, both nationally and internationally, have shown that the mental health of adolescents is deteriorating. While research has focused on risk factors for mental health such as depression and problematic behaviours among adolescents, in recent years scholars have called for research and policy to focus on the predictors of students' mental health, and to take measures to enhance students' subjective well-being in order to curb the trend of worsening mental health problems among adolescents. Through the two perspectives of positive psychology and children,on the one hand, the study adhering to the concept of positive psychology advocating focusing on the positive power and accepting the beauty of human nature, selects the positive variables in the family environment and individual factors - parental emotional warmth, gratitude, emotion regulation. At the same time, taking the group of junior high school and high school students as the research object, and exploring the role of these positive variables on subjective well-being of adolescents. Based on the theory of bioecology, three different models and analytical strategies, namely structural equation modelling, hierarchical regression modelling and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), were used to explore the mechanism of these positive variables on adolescents' subjective well-being.It also seeks effective ways to improve adolescents' subjective well-being in order to help them survive the adolescent mental health crisis.

Study 1 conducted a questionnaire survey of 876 adolescents in Jiangmen area, used SPSS for correlation analysis, and constructed a parallel mediation structural equation model using Mplus to conduct mediation effect tests and path comparisons . Study of the degree of correlation and the mechanism of action between variables through groupings, and the results showed that (1)Demographic control variable analyses showed that: students who served as class cadres at school had higher levels of gratitude; students who lived in the city were more able to use cognitive reappraisal strategies to regulate their emotions; and students who lived in the school had a greater ability to use cognitive reappraisal strategies to regulate their emotions than those who did not live in the school. (2)Correlation analyses showed that father's emotional warmth, mother's emotional warmth, gratitude, and cognitive reappraisal were significantly and positively correlated with life satisfaction, affective balance, and subjective well-being, while expression inhibition was negatively correlated with mother's emotional warmth, affective balance, and subjective well-being, positively correlated with cognitive reappraisal, and not correlated with father's emotional warmth, gratitude, and life satisfaction. (3)The mediation effect test showed that father's emotional warmth not only positively predicted adolescents' subjective well-being, but also partially mediated adolescents' subjective well-being through the cognitive reappraisal strategies of gratitude and emotion regulation, respectively. In contrast, maternal emotional warmth could only fully mediate adolescents' subjective well-being through the cognitive reappraisal strategies of gratitude and emotion regulation, respectively. (4)Comparative analysis of the mediating effects showed that the mediating effects of gratitude and cognitive reappraisal in the pathway of mother's emotional warmth in predicting adolescents' subjective well-being differed, and the mediating effect value of gratitude was significantly higher than that of cognitive reappraisal. (5)Analyses of differences in adolescent developmental stages showed that the direct effects of perceived father's emotional warmth and mother's emotional warmth on adolescents' predictions of subjective well-being differed significantly across adolescent developmental stages, with the direct effects being greater for high school students than for middle school students. In the indirect effects model of adolescents at different stages of development, middle school and high school students' perception of father's emotional warmth can either directly predict adolescents' subjective well-being or indirectly predict adolescents' subjective well-being through the mediating mechanism of gratitude. The perceived emotional warmth of mothers in middle school students could only indirectly predict adolescents' subjective well-being through the mediating mechanisms of gratitude and cognitive reappraisal. The direct and mediating effects of perceived mother's emotional warmth on adolescents' subjective well-being were not significant for high school students.

Study 2 conducted a questionnaire survey of 404 adolescents through questionnaire star using a convenience sampling method, and analysing the single contribution of the variables as well as the combined contribution of the synergistic effect of multiple variables by using both hierarchical regression and fsQCA methods. To address the shortcomings of Study 1, the sample was expanded and the three components of subjective well-being were studied separately. The results found that (1)The stratified regression model showed that all antecedent variables predicted adolescents' subjective well-being; the influences of the three indicators varied, the role of the father's emotional warmth is most pronounced.(2)Using the fsQCA method based on a group perspective, subjective well-being was found to be the result of a multifactorial approach. All three well-being indices (life satisfaction and positive and negative affect) could be explained by the same combination of variables: parental emotional warmth, gratitude, and cognitive reassessment. (3)The emotion regulation strategy of cognitive reappraisal may have a more positive effect on adolescents' subjective well-being than expressive inhibition; the combination of the expressive inhibition strategy with the other conditioning variables yielded different predictive results for subjective well-being. (4)Different predictive outcomes were observed for different developmental stages of adolescents and for different genders in combination with other conditioning variables.

CONCLUSION: The findings support several specific ways to enhance adolescents' subjective well-being. Parents should adopt an emotionally warm parenting style, which can enable adolescents to enhance their sense of well-being and survive the mental health crisis of adolescence by strengthening gratitude education and guiding them to use more cognitive reappraisal strategies. Fathers' emotional warmth is the best protective factor for subjective well-being, and fathers should be encouraged to actively participate in co-parenting with emotional warmth.