社会与工程心理学研究室知识库

传统的中国家庭教育中，父亲经常处于从属地位，但随着社会文化的变迁、 家庭结构的变化，父亲职能日益凸显，社会对于父亲角色回归家庭的呼吁也越来越高。研究表明，父亲教养投入对儿童及青少年的身心发展具有不可替代的促进 作用，但当今中国父亲的教养投入水平依然有限。因此，深入探讨青少年家庭中父亲教养投入的影响因素及作用机制以及各因素的组态效应对于科学提高我国父亲整体教养投入水平具有十分重要的现实意义。

研究一以青少年的父母为研究对象，采用配对问卷调查法对 411 组 10-18 岁青少年的父母进行测量，构建一个有调节的中介模型，探讨父母婚姻满意度、母亲守门行为、父亲教养价值如何、何时影响父亲教养投入，以及这种影响的方向和强度。研究二以青少年家庭为研究对象，采用三方配对问卷调查法对 91 组 10-17 岁青少年家庭中的三方进行测量，采用模糊集定性比较分析法，探索父母婚姻满意度、母亲守门行为、父亲教养价值对父亲教养投入的组态效应。采用 SPSS 26.0 进行描述性分析、共同方法偏差等检验；采用 Mplus 8.3 进行结构方程模型分析，检验中介效应和调节效应；采用 fsQCA 3.0 进行组态效应分析。

研究一结果表明：（1）不同年级青少年的父亲教养投入水平存在显著差异， 高二最高，预备班最低；不同工作时长的父亲其教养投入水平存在显著差异，工作时长为 0-20 小时的最高，60 小时及以上的最低；不同学历的母亲其家庭中的 父亲教养投入水平存在显著差异，研究生及以上的最高，初中及以下的最低。（2）父母的婚姻满意度均能显著正向预测父亲教养投入和母亲开门行为，负向预测母亲关门行为；母亲开门行为及父亲教养价值显著正向预测父亲教养投入，母亲关门行为显著负向预测父亲教养投入。（3）母亲婚姻满意度与母亲守门行为之间存在溢出效应，父亲婚姻满意度与母亲守门行为之间存在交叉效应。（4）母亲 守门行为在父母婚姻满意度与父亲教养投入间起中介作用。（5）父亲教养价值正向调节母亲守门行为对父亲教养投入的影响，即高水平教养价值的父亲，母亲开门行为对父亲教养投入的正向预测作用更强；低水平教养价值的父亲，母亲关门行为对父亲教养投入的抑制作用更明显。（6）父亲教养价值正向调节母亲守门行为在父母婚姻满意度与父亲教养投入间的中介效应。

研究二结果表明：存在 1 个条件组态（A1）能够产生高水平父亲教养投入， 4 个条件组态能够产生低水平父亲教养投入。条件组态 A1 表明，当父亲和母亲 的婚姻满意度均高，父亲教养价值水平高，母亲开门行为也多时，不管母亲的关门行为是多还是少，父亲都会表现出高水平的教养投入。这一结果提示我们，若要提升父亲的教养投入水平，不仅需要提高父母双方的婚姻满意度，还应特别注意在亲职教育中鼓励母亲表现出更多的开门行为，并提高父亲对其自身教养价值的认同程度。

结论：父亲的婚姻满意度可通过母亲守门行为的完全中介作用影响其自身教养投入；母亲的婚姻满意度可通过母亲守门行为的部分中介作用影响父亲教养投入，其直接效应依然显著；父亲教养价值正向调节母亲守门行为对父亲教养投入的影响；父亲教养价值正向调节母亲守门行为在父母婚姻满意度与父亲教养投入之间的中介效应；父母双方高水平的婚姻满意度、高水平的父亲教养价值以及高水平的母亲开门行为这一条件组态可产生高水平的父亲教养投入。

In traditional Chinese family education, fathers often hold a subordinate position. However, with the changes in social culture and family structure, the role of fathers is becoming more prominent, and there is a growing demand for fathers to return to the family. Research has shown that father involvement has an irreplaceable role in the physical and mental development of children and adolescents. However, the level of father involvement in present-day China remains limited. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to thoroughly explore the influencing factors and mechanisms of father involvement in adolescent families, as well as the configural effects of these factors, in order to scientifically improve the overall level of father involvement in our country.

Study 1 examined parents of adolescents as the research subjects. A matched questionnaire survey method was used to measure 411 sets of parents of adolescents aged 10-18. A moderated mediation model was constructed to explore how parents' marital satisfaction, maternal gatekeeping behavior, and fathers' parenting value affected father involvement, as well as the direction and strength of this influence. Study 2 focused on adolescent families as the research subjects. A three-party matched questionnaire survey method was used to measure 91 sets of three parties within families with adolescents aged 10-17. Fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis was conducted to explore the configural effects of parents' marital satisfaction, maternal gatekeeping behavior, and fathers' parenting value on father involvement. Descriptive analysis, common-method bias testing, and other analyses were conducted using SPSS 26.0. Structural equation modeling analysis was conducted using Mplus 8.3 to test mediation and moderation effects. Configural effects analysis was conducted using fsQCA 3.0.

The results of Study 1 showed that: (1) There were significant differences in the level of father involvement among adolescents of different grades, with the highest level in the second year of high school and the lowest in the preparatory class. There were also significant differences in father involvement among fathers with different working hours, with the highest level in those working 0-20 hours per week and the lowest in those working 60 hours or more. There were significant differences in father involvement among mothers with different educational backgrounds, with the highest level in those with a graduate degree or above and the lowest level in those with a junior high school education or below. (2) The marital satisfaction of parents significantly and positively predicted father involvement and maternal gate-opening behavior, while it negatively predicted maternal gate-closing behavior. Maternal gate-opening behavior and father’s parenting value significantly and positively predicted father involvement, while maternal gate-closing behavior significantly and negatively predicted father involvement. (3) There was a spillover effect between mother’s marital satisfaction and maternal gatekeeping behavior, and a crossover effect between father’s marital satisfaction and maternal gatekeeping behavior. (4) Maternal gatekeeping behavior mediated the relationship between marital satisfaction and father involvement. (5) Father’s parenting value positively moderated the impact of maternal gatekeeping behavior on father involvement. In other words, for fathers with high levels of parenting values, maternal gate-opening behavior had a stronger positive predictive effect on father involvement, while for fathers with low levels of parenting values, maternal gate-closing behavior had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on father involvement. (6) Father’s parenting value positively moderated the mediating effect of maternal gatekeeping behavior on the relationship between marital satisfaction and father involvement.

The results of Study 2 showed that there was one configuration (A1) that led to high level of father involvement and four configurations that led to low levels of father involvements. Configuration A1 indicated that when both fathers and mothers had high marital satisfaction, fathers had high parenting value, and mothers exhibited more gate-opening behavior, regardless of the maternal gate-closing behavior, fathers would demonstrate high levels of parenting involvement. This result suggested that in order to enhance father involvement, it was necessary not only to improve the marital satisfaction of both parents, but also to encourage mothers to exhibit more gate-opening behavior in parental education and enhance fathers' recognition of their own parenting values.

In conclusion: Father's marital satisfaction influences his own parenting involvement through the fully mediating effect of maternal gatekeeping behavior. Mother's marital satisfaction influences father involvement through the partially mediating effect of maternal gatekeeping behavior, with its direct effect still significant. Father's parenting value positively moderates the influence of maternal gatekeeping behavior on father involvement. Father's parenting value positively moderates the mediating effect of maternal gatekeeping behavior between parent’s marital satisfaction and father involvement. One configuration of high levels of parent’s marital satisfaction, maternal gate-opening behavior and father's parenting value can result in high levels of father involvement.