认知与发展心理学研究室知识库

随着经济发展和国民生活水平的提高，垃圾数量与日俱增，垃圾围城问题日益严重。发改委、住建部、生态环境部等九部门于 2019 年联合下发通知，要求全国地级及以上城市开展垃圾分类相关工作。但纵观政策颁布至今，大部分地区的分类实施效果却不尽如人意。垃圾分类需要个体和群体共同努力。个人的规范错觉(normative misperception, NM)，即对实际规范的感知偏差，是影响行为的一个重要因素。按照社会规范的分类，规范错觉相应分为描述性规范错觉 (descriptive normative misperception) 和命令性规范错觉 (injunctive normative misperception)。描述性规范错觉是指对他人行为的错误感知，命令性规范错觉是指对他人态度的错误感知。本研究探索规范错觉对于垃圾分类行为的影响，为促进居民垃圾分类行为提供科学支撑。

尽管规范错觉对行为改变的研究潜力巨大，比如研究发现人们在饮酒、节水、驾车超速、纳税、吸烟和药物依赖等方面均存在规范错觉，但是目前探讨规范错觉如何影响垃圾分类行为的研究比较少，针对规范错觉对分类行为的影响机制更是空白。同时以往针对规范错觉的研究，由于时间与条件的限制，大多采用横断面研究，缺乏纵向研究的考察。为此本文通过两个研究考察规范错觉对分类行为的影响及其作用机制。

研究一分别于 2020 年（研究 1a）、2022 年（研究 1b）对北京某一垃圾分类示范小区开展追踪调研。结果表明：在垃圾分类问题上，描述性规范错觉和命令性规范错觉稳定存在，即人们普遍低估他人垃圾分类参与度和支持度。同时两种规范错觉与垃圾分类行为显著负相关，即人们越是低估他人的分类参与率，越是较少参与分类行为。研究一扩展了规范错觉的理论体系和应用场景，并突破了以往横断面研究的局限。

以往研究表明环境知识、宣传信息等内外部因素都可能影响亲环境行为。但大多研究往往从单一视角出发，没有构建统一理论框架探讨变量间作用机制。研究二(N=1043)基于信息-动机-行为技能模型(information-motivation-behavior skill model, IMB)，旨在进一步研究两种规范错觉影响垃圾分类行为的作用机制，同时探究降低规范错觉的可能因素。模型涉及规范错觉、宣传信息、环境知识以及垃圾分类行为这四个潜变量。结果发现描述性规范错觉越大，即越低估他人垃圾分类的参与度，则自身进行垃圾分类的可能性越小，并认为自己对分类规则的了解越少。宣传信息可以降低描述性规范错觉和命令性规范错觉，身边垃圾分类的相关宣传信息越多，对他人垃圾分类参与度和支持度的低估也就越小。环境知识和 宣传信息都可以正向影响垃圾分类行为，即身边垃圾分类的相关宣传信息越多、越认为自己了解垃圾分类规则的人，则更可能进行垃圾分类。同时宣传信息还可以正向影响环境知识，即垃圾分类的相关宣传信息可以促进人们对分类的了解。

中介检验结果发现，环境知识在描述性规范错觉和命令性规范错觉与垃圾分类行为之间存在中介作用。描述性规范错觉越大，即越低估他人垃圾分类的参与度，便越认为自己不懂如何分类，从而垃圾分类行为越少。命令性规范错觉越大， 即越低估他人对垃圾分类的支持程度，便越认为自己不懂如何分类，从而垃圾分类行为越少。

本文通过对某社区居民进行追踪研究，首次验证了存在于垃圾分类行为中的规范低估错觉及其稳健性，验证了规范错觉与垃圾分类行为之间的负向关系。其次基于 IMB 模型，加入宣传信息和环境知识两个变量，探究了规范错觉对垃圾分类行为的作用机制，以及减少规范错觉的可能因素。填补了理论的空白，扩展了模型的应用场景。进一步解释了为何居民大多支持垃圾分类，但却没有付诸行动的尴尬现状，验证了本文的理论模型在垃圾分类领域的适用性，具有现实意义。

With economic development and the improvement of national living standards, the amount of waste is increasing day by day, and the problem of waste surrounding cities is becoming increasingly serious. Nine departments, including the Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Housing and Construction, and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, jointly issued a notice in 2019, requiring cities at the prefecture level and above across the country to carry out work related to waste sorting. However, throughout the promulgation of the policy so far, the implementation of sorting in most areas has been unsatisfactory. Waste sorting is a behavior that requires the joint efforts of individuals and groups, and individual normative misperception (NM), i.e., the perceived deviation from the actual norms, is an important factor affecting behavior. According to the sorting of social norms, normative misperception is also divided into descriptive normative misperception and injunctive normative misperception. Descriptive normative misperception refers to a false perception of others' behavior, while injunctive normative misperception refers to a false perception of others' attitudes. Exploring the impact of normative misperception on waste sorting behavior can provide scientific support to promote residents' waste separation behavior.

Although the research potential of normative misperception on behavioral change is huge, for example, it has been found that people have normative misperception in drinking, water conservation, speeding, paying taxes, smoking and drug dependence, etc. there are fewer studies exploring how normative misperception affect waste sorting behaviors, and there is a gap in the mechanism of the influence of normative misperception on sorting behaviors. Meanwhile, most of the previous studies on normative misperception have used cross-sectional studies due to the limitation of time and conditions, and lacked the examination of longitudinal studies. This article examines the impact and mechanism of normative misperception on sorting behavior through two studies.

Study 1 conducted a longitudinal research on waste sorting demonstration community in Beijing in 2020 (Study 1a) and 2022 (Study 1b). The results show that descriptive normative misperception and injunctive normative misperception exist stably on the issue of waste sorting, i.e., people generally underestimate their participation in and support for others' waste sorting. Both normative misperception were also significantly negatively associated with waste sorting behavior, i.e., the more people underestimated others' sorting participation, the less they engaged in sorting behavior. Study 1 extends the theoretical system and application scenarios of normative misperception, and breaks through the limitations of previous cross-sectional studies.

Previous studies have shown that internal and external factors such as environmental knowledge and publicity information may influence pro-environmental behaviors, but most of the studies tend to be from a single perspective and have not constructed a unified theoretical framework to explore the mechanism of interaction between variables. Study 2 (N=1043) was based on the information-motivationbehavior skill model (IMB). The aim was to further investigate the mechanism of action of the two normative misperceptions affecting waste sorting behavior, as well as to explore the possible factors that reduce the normative misperceptions. The model involved four latent variables: normative misperceptions, publicity information, environmental knowledge, and waste sorting behavior. It was found that the greater the descriptive normative misperception, i.e., the more one underestimates the participation of others in waste sorting, the less one is likely to sort waste oneself, and the less one thinks one knows about sorting rules. Publicity information can reduce both the descriptive normative misperception and the imperative normative misperception, and the more publicity information related to waste sorting around one's surroundings, the less one underestimates others' participation in and support for waste sorting. Both environmental knowledge and publicity information can positively influence waste sorting behavior, i.e., the more publicity information about waste sorting around them, and the more they think they know the rules of waste sorting, the more likely they are to sort waste. At the same time, publicity information can also positively influence environmental knowledge, i.e., publicity information related to waste sorting can promote people's understanding of sorting.

The results of the mediation test found that environmental knowledge mediated between descriptive normative misperceptions and imperative normative misperceptions and waste sorting behavior. The greater the descriptive normative misperception, i.e., the more one underestimates the participation of others in waste sorting, the more one believes that one does not know how to sort, and thus the less waste sorting behavior. The greater the imperative normative misperception, i.e., the greater the underestimation of others' support for waste sorting, the greater the belief that one does not know how to sort, and thus the lower the waste sorting behavior.

In this paper, the normative underestimation misperception existing in waste sorting behavior and its robustness are verified for the first time through a tracking study of residents in a community, and the negative relationship between normative misperception and waste sorting behavior is verified. Secondly, based on the IMB model, the interactions between variables were analyzed by adding publicity information and environmental knowledge. The influence mechanism between normative misperception and waste sorting behavior was explored, as well as the possible variables affecting normative misperception, and the mechanisms by which normative misperceptions act on waste sorting behavior, and possible factors that reduce normative misperceptions. The gaps in the theory are filled and the application scenarios of the model are extended. It further explains why residents mostly support waste sorting but fail to act on the embarrassing status quo, and verifies the applicability of the theoretical model in this paper in the field of waste sorting, which is of practical significance.