社会与工程心理学研究室知识库

信任是人类互动中的一个关键因素，在决定关系和交易的成败方面发挥着至关重要的作用（Yamagishi，2011）。面孔，作为最重要的信任线索之一，是可信度期望的重要信息来源（Thielmann & Hilbig，2015）。在日常生活中，个体出于宗教、隐私保护或者疾病等原因可能会对自己的面孔进行遮挡。一方面面部遮挡会减少信任线索从而降低人际信任水平，另一方面面部遮挡物所携带的正向或负向社会性意义也会增加或降低人际信任水平。口罩作为一种有效的非药物干预措施，在呼吸道传染性疾病高发时期，以及在医院等特殊场所非常常见。目前尚不知道与口罩类似的附带有社会性意义的面孔遮挡物如何影响人际信任。

当前研究采用经典的投资博弈信任游戏，要求被试使用虚拟的金币对无遮挡面孔或者遮挡面孔的受托人进行投资，并估计其可能的返回金额。被试的投资金额作为被试的信任行为指标，返回金额与投资之间的差异（回报量）作为被试的信任期待指标。

实验 1a（大学生被试）和实验 1b（非大学生成人被试）采用佩戴标准口罩面孔以及比口罩具有更强的正向社会性意义和更强的遮挡的防护服面孔作为实验材料，考察面孔遮挡物所携带的社会性意义和面部信息遮挡如何影响人际信任。结果发现，被试对防护服面孔的投资和回报量均高于标准口罩面孔和无遮挡面孔，大学生被试对标准口罩面孔的投资高于无遮挡面孔。结果表明遮挡物所携带的正向社会性意义会提高人们的信任行为和信任期待。

实验 2 采用无任何社会性意义的数码遮挡考察单纯面部信息减少对人际信任的影响。结果发现，被试对保留下半部分的面孔的投资和回报量均低于无遮挡面孔。结果表明，遮挡导致的面部信息减少会降低人们的信任行为和信任期待。

实验 3 测量了被试的社交信任特质和焦虑特质，分析其与被试对口罩面孔、防护服面孔的人际信任之间的关系，进一步探讨面孔遮挡物对人际信任的影响机制。结果发现，被试基于谨慎的信任特质与标准口罩面孔和防护服面孔的投资和回报量存在正相关，基于助人的信任特质仅与防护服面孔的投资和回报存在正相关。被试的焦虑状态仅与防护服面孔的回报量存在负相关。结果表明，不同的面部遮挡物具有不同的社会性意义，个体的信任特质和焦虑状态会影响他们对不同遮挡面孔的人际信任。

综上所述，本论文的结果表明，虽然面部线索减少会降低人际信任，但是在中国社会中，口罩和防护服面孔具有正向的社会性意义，能够提升人们的人际信任。口罩和防护服对人际信任的背后影响机制可能是不同的。个体的信任特质和心理状态会影响他们对不同遮挡面孔的人际信任。本研究希望为理解特殊场景下的社会互动提供深入洞察，并为相关政策和干预措施提供科学依据。本研究的结果将有助于我们更好地应对类似的危机情境，并为个体和社会提供相应的支持和帮助。

Trust is a key factor in human interactions, which is crucial in determining the success or failure of relationships and transactions (Yamagishi, 2011). Faces, as one of the most important trust cues, are a significant source of trustworthy expectations (Thielmann & Hilbig, 2015). In daily life, individuals may cover their faces for reasons such as religion, privacy protection, or disease. On one hand, facial coverings may reduce trust cues and thus lower interpersonal trust levels. On the other hand, the positive or negative social significance carried by facial coverings can also increase or decrease interpersonal trust levels. Masks, as an effective non-pharmaceutical intervention, are very common during periods of high prevalence of respiratory infectious diseases and in special places like hospitals. It is currently unknown how facial occlusion, similar to masks and carrying social significance, affects interpersonal trust.

The current study employed the classic investment trust game, asking participants to invest virtual gold coins in trustees with either uncovered or occluded faces and estimate the expected return amount. The amount of investment by the participants served as an index of trust behavior, and the difference between the return amount and the investment (return quantity) was used as an index of trust expectation.

Experiment 1a (college student participants) and Experiment 1b (non-college adult participants) used faces with standard masks and faces with protective clothing, which have stronger positive social significance and stronger coverage than masks, as experimental materials to examine how the social significance carried by facial coverings and the occlusion of facial information affect interpersonal trust. The results found that participants' investments and return quantities for faces with protective clothing were higher than for faces with standard masks and uncovered faces. College student participants' investments in faces with standard masks were higher than in uncovered faces. The results suggest that the positive social significance carried by coverings can enhance people's trust behavior and trust expectations.

Experiment 2 used digital coverings without any social significance to examine the impact of facial information reduction on interpersonal trust. The results found that participants' investments and return quantities for faces with the lower half showing were lower than for uncovered faces. The results suggest that the reduction of facial information caused by occlusion can lower people's trust behavior and trust expectations.

Experiment 3 measured participants' social trust traits and anxiety traits, analyzed their relationship with participants' interpersonal trust towards faces with masks and faces with protective clothing, and further explored the mechanism of the impact of facial occlusion on interpersonal trust. The results found that participants' trust traits based on caution were positively correlated with investments and return quantities for faces with standard masks and faces with protective clothing. Trust traits based on helping were only positively correlated with investments and returns for faces with protective clothing. Participants' anxiety status was only negatively correlated with return quantities for faces with protective clothing. The results suggest that different facial occlusions carry different social significances, and individuals' trust traits and anxiety status can affect their interpersonal trust towards different occluded faces.

In summary, the results of this study indicate that although the reduction of facial cues can lower interpersonal trust, in Chinese society, faces with masks and protective suits carry positive social significance and can enhance people's interpersonal trust. The underlying mechanisms of the impact of masks and protective suits on interpersonal trust may be different. Individuals' trust traits and mental states can affect their interpersonal trust towards different occluded faces. This research hopes to provide in-depth insights into social interactions in special scenarios and provide scientific evidence for related policies and intervention measures. The results of this study will help us better respond to similar crisis situations and provide corresponding support and help for individuals and society.