社会与工程心理学研究室知识库

安全文化是复杂社会技术系统安全控制理论研究的热点问题。然而，经过20多年的研究，安全文化概念、内容结构的分歧越来越多，其影响因素、作用机制尚有诸多不清楚的地方。本研究通过对已有的安全文化概念和复杂社会技术系统安全控制的分析，认为复杂社会技术系统的安全文化是组织成员共享的价值观系统。在此基础上，采用多元方法对一个石油化工厂个案进行深入研究，以探讨石油化工组织安全文化的内容结构及不良安全文化的特征。
研究主要有四部分，前三部分分别采用参与观察、个体深度访谈和问卷调查等不同的研究范式从不同的角度探讨企业安全文化的内容结构，在此基础上利用事故报告再分析的方法探讨不良安全文化的特征。其中，参与观察阶段持续了103天;半结构化访谈的被试包括生产车间和辅助车间的管理人员和职工共56人;问卷调查采用随机登门访问的方式获得153份有效问卷;事故报告再分析的材料是厂内档案可查的事故报告61份。对这些不同类型的数据研究分别采用了专家分类、专家编码分析和主成分分析等多种定性和定量方法，得到如下研究结果:
1根据参与观察研究结果，得到了组织成员遵循的5类行为规范:安全承诺、对规则的看法、对人性的看法、人情关系和权力影响;
2根据个体深度访谈研究结果，得到7类组织员工共享的价值观:沟通与协调、安全与业绩的权衡、人情关系、对规则的看法、管理对安全的承 诺、员工安全卷入、权力影响;
3根据问卷调查研究结果，得到员工对组织特征知觉的8个维度:管理对安全的承诺、安全遵守、主动精神、权力影响、协调与沟通、安全管理参与、员工安全卷入、应急管理:
4根据事故报告的专家编码分析，得到了不良安全文化的特征是:较低的管理对安全的承诺、较差的安全遵守、缺乏应急管理措施、沟通与协调障碍。
5通过对事故再分析结果的聚类分析，安全文化的各因素可以进一步归为两大类:安全促进因素与安全保健因素。从文化的角度来说，则对应着对组织的承诺和对人的承诺两个维度。

Safety culture is a heated research field on safety control of complex socio-technical systems. But after 20 years' study, more and more diversities have been brought out on its concept, content, causes, and consequences. After having reviewed the concepts of safety culture and safety control of complex socio-technical systems, safety culture was proposed as shared values by all members of high risk organization. Then the study was deeply conducted in a petrocluemical plant with triangulated methods, it's aim was to make clear the content structure of safety culture and the characteristics of poor safety culture in petrochemical organizations.
The study had four parts. In the first three parts, three different apprcaches were applied in turn to explore the contents of organizational safety culture, and those were participant observation, individual in-dept interviews and questionnaire survey, then accidents reanalysis followed. The duration of participant observation was 103 days;the subjects of half-structured interviews summed up to 56, consisting of workers and managers who came from each kind of workshop; randomly visiting survey was used and 153 valid questionnaires were got; 61 accident reports were collected from 1988 till 2003. These different kinds of data were treated with expert classification, coding analysis, factor analysis and accidents reanalysis.
The conclusions were as the following:
1 Based on the results of participant observation, 5 types of behavior norms followed by organization members were got: commitment to safety, attitudes toward rules, attitudes toward human nature, favor relationship and power influences.
2 Based on the results of individual in-dept interviews, 7 types of shared values were got: communication and coordination, balance between safety and production, favor relationship, attitudes toward rules, management's commitment to safety, employees' involvement in safety, influence of power.
3 Based on the results of questionnaire, 8 dimensions of employees' perception of organization were got: management's commitment to safety, safety compliance, active spirit, influence of power, communication and coordination; participation in safety management, employees' involvement in safety, emergency management.
4 Based on experts' coding analysis of the accident reports, the characteristics of poor safety culture were got: lower management's commitment to safety, lower
safety compliance, lack of emergency management, poor communication and coordination.
5 Based on the cluster of accidents reanalysis, two kinds of safety culture factors were divided as: safety promoting factor and safety hygiene factor, which, in terms of culture, were translated into two dimensions: commitment to organization and commitment to people.