| 摘要 | 人们常常认为运动锻炼有益身心健康，然而对一些有问题的运动锻炼模式 (如运动成瘾、运动依赖和强迫运动)及其后果却少有关注。国外研究者已对问题运动锻炼模式的概念、分类、症状表现、生理心理特点以及干预措施等开展了较为深入的研究，然而这类研究在我国还不多见。目前国内测查问题运动锻炼模式的量表还非常医乏，直接导致了我国各类人群中问题运动锻炼模式还不清晰，相关影响因素仍不明确。本研究的目的在于翻译运动成瘾量表(EAI-R)，进行初步的量表标准化工作，并调查我国非运动与运动专业大学生问题运动锻炼模式现状及其相关因素。
研究一招募了800名非运动专业和357名运动专业大学生，采用问卷调查法考察运动成瘾量表(EAI-R)在我国大学生群体中的心理测量学特性。被试填写修订版运动成瘾量表(EAI-R、运动依赖量表(EDS、强迫运动量表 (CET)以及进食障碍问卷(EDI，94名非运动专业大学生间隔三周参与重测。结果表明运动成瘾量表(EAI-R)在非运动和运动专业大学生中内部一致性系数分别为.66和.76，重测信度为.75，这些结果支持中文版运动成瘾量表(EAI-R)在大学生群体中的信度。在结构效度方面，量表提取出一个公因子，且根据探索性因素分析的结果移除条目2。此外，量表在聚合效度、同时效度、区分效度方面均有良好表现。数据也支持运动成瘾量表(EAI-R)跨性别和跨专业的测量不变性。这些结果支持中文版运动成瘾量表(EAI-R)能够作为在我国大学生中测量运动成瘾的工具。
研究二采用问卷调查法调查了800名非运动专业大学生参与运动锻炼的情况和问题运动锻炼模式。我国大学生参与运动锻炼的特点主要表现为:首先，男生每周锻炼的总时长均值(215.47分钟)高于WHO的建议值(150分钟)，而女生每周锻炼的总时长(122.25分钟)略低于WHO的建议值(150分钟);其次，男生在锻炼时长(t一8.516, p < .001)和锻炼次数方面(t=7.58, p < .001)显著多于女生;第三，男生主要以中、高强度锻炼(如:快走、跑步、力量举)为主，女生以低强度锻炼为主(如:散步);最后，男女生坚持锻炼时间大致相同，有相当一部分人(55.4%)坚持锻炼的时间不足三个月。值得注意的是，我国非运动专业大学生中问题运动锻炼模式风险的检出率(运动成瘾5.88%，运动依赖42.13%，强迫运动8.88%)高于国外的报告，总体上体现出男生(运动成瘾9.23%，运动依赖51.29%)高于女生(运动成瘾1.20%，运动依赖29.34%)的特点。回归分析发现在非运动专业大学生中预测运动成瘾、运动依赖和强迫运动的因子各不相同。此外，三种问题运动锻炼模式中，进食障碍症状与强迫运动之间达到了中等相关(r=.48, p<.001)，与运动依赖的相关很弱(r=.07, p<.OS)，与运动成瘾相关不显著(r=.01, p>.OS )。因此，回归分析和相关分析的结果支持在非运动专业大学生中对三种问题锻炼模式进行区分。
研究三采用问卷调查法调查运动专业大学生(Cn=566)参与运动锻炼的情况和问题运动锻炼模式，并探讨强迫运动对进食障碍症状的影响。运动专业大学生当中，男生在低强度运动每周锻炼时长(t一4.01, p < .001)和高强度运动每周锻炼时长(t = 7.40, p < .001)方面显著多于女生。运动专业大学生中问题运动锻炼模式风险的检出率(运动成瘾18.37%，强迫运动15.72%)高于国外的报告，且具有性别差异，男生(运动成瘾23.21，强迫运动19.39%)高于女生(运动成瘾7.47%，强迫运动7.47% )。结合研究二的结果比较运动和非运动专业大学生问题运动锻炼模式的检出率可以发现运动专业学生风险(运动成瘾18.37%，强迫运动15.72%)高于非运动专业学生(运动成瘾5.88%，强迫运动8.88% )。另外，强迫运动和运动专业大学生的进食障碍症状之间存在正相关(Cr=.40)，且强迫运动可以部分中介负性情绪对进食障碍症状的影响。
综上所述，本研究发现(1)中文版运动成瘾量表(EAI-R)是测量运动成瘾风险快速而简便的工具。该量表具有良好的心理测量学特性，可对我国大学生群体的运动成瘾风险进行评估。C2)大学生在锻炼量和锻炼强度上具有性别差异，非运动专业大学生在坚持锻炼时长方面尚有提升空间。(3)问题运动锻炼模式出现的风险高于国外的报告，男生和运动专业学生的风险更高，提示我们对该风险群体予以关注。(4)在三种问题运动锻炼模式中，强迫运动和进食障碍症状的关系最为密切，且在运动专业大学生中强迫运动在负性情绪与进食障碍症状之间起到部分中介作用。总之，本研究引入了测量运动成瘾风险的工具，考察我国大学生群体中存在的问题运动锻炼模式的现状和特点，并在此基础上提出展望与建议。 |
| 其他摘要 | Exercise is often thought to be beneficial to physical and mental health, but less attention has been paid to problematic exercise patterns (such as exercise addiction, exercise dependence and compulsive exercise) and their consequences. Researchers in western countries have studied in-depth on the concept, classification, symptoms, physiological and psychological characteristics, and interventions of problematic exercise patterns. However, there were currently very limited studies addressing the problematic exercise in China. There is also a lack of Chinese tools to screen problematic exercise. As a result, we know little about the situation and the relevant influencing factors of problematic exercise. Therefore, the aims of the current study were to translate and validate the exercise addiction inventory (EAI-R), to investigate the current situation of problematic exercise in China, and to explore the relevant impact factors as well.
Study 1 recruited 800 college students in the non-sport majors and 357 in the sport-related majors and used questionnaires to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Revised Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI-R）.
Participants filled in the Chinese EAI-R, the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS), the Compulsive Exercise Test (CET), and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI). Ninety-four non-sport major students attended the retest after three weeks. Internal consistencies of .66 in the non-sport majors and .76 in the sport-related majors were obtained. The test-retest reliability was .75. In terms of construct validity, a uni-factor structure was suggested for the Chinese EAI-R by the exploratory factor analyses, however, item 2 was removed from the tool as suggested by the EFA. Besides, concurrent validity, convergent validity, divergent validity, and measurement invariance across sex and sample type of Chinese EAI-R were supported. These results supported that the Chinese version of EAI-R can be used as a tool to measure exercise addiction among Chinese college students.、
Study 2 investigated the condition of non-sport major college students' (n=800) participation in exercise and problematic exercise patterns by questionnaire survey. There were several findings. Firstly, the amount of exercise per week for male college students (215.47 minutes) was higher than the WHO recommended value (150 minutes), while that for women (122.25 minutes) was lower than the WHO recommendation (150 minutes). Second, men had significantly longer duration (t= 8.516, p<.001) and higher frequency of exercise (t= 7.58, p<.001) than women. Third, men mainly involved in exercises with moderate and high intensity (e.g. fast walking, running, power lifting), while women prefer to those with low intensity (e. g walking). Finally, duration of exercise adherence was about the same in both sexes and a considerable number of participants (55.4%) kept up exercising for less than three months. The prevalence of problematic exercise (exercise addiction: 5.88%; exercise dependence: 42.13%; compulsive exercise: 8.88%) seemed to be higher than the proportion reported in the western cultures. Men (exercise addiction: 9.23%; exercise dependence: 51.29%;) had higher risk to problematic exercise than women (exercise addiction: 1.20%: exercise dependence: revealed that the predictors for exercise addiction 29.34%;). Regression analysis exercise dependence and compulsive exercise were different. Additionally, eating disorder symptoms had the strongest correlation with compulsive exercise (r=.48, p<.001) among three problematic exercise patterns, while the correlation was very low with exercise dependence (r=.07, p<.OS), and with exercise addiction (r=.O1，p).OS). Therefore, results of regression and correlation analyses both supported the need to distinguish the three patterns of problematic exercise among non-sport major college students.
In Study 3, a questionnaire survey was conducted to 566 sport-related major students to explore their situation of problematic exercise, and further explored the influence of compulsive exercise on eating disorder symptoms. Among them, men had significantly longer duration of weekly exercise in low intensity (t=4.01，P <.001) and longer duration of weekly exercise in high intensity (t=7.40, p<.001) than women. Prevalence of problematic exercise among sport-related major students was also higher (exercise addiction: 18.37%; compulsive exercise: 15.72%) than that reported in western cultures. Men also had higher prevalence (exercise addiction: 23.21%:compulsive exercise: 19.39%) than women (exercise addiction: 7.47%: compulsive exercise: 7.47%). Combined analyses with data from Study 2 revealed that the prevalence among sport-related major students (exercise addiction: 18.37%; compulsive exercise: 15.72%) was higher than that of non-sport major students (exercise addiction: 5.88%; compulsive exercise: 8.88%). In addition, there was positive correlation between compulsive exercise and eating disorder symptoms among sport major students (r=.40), and compulsive exercise partly mediated negative emotion and eating disorder symptoms.
In summary, this study has several findings and implications. First, the Chinese EAI-R is a quick and easy measure to assess the risk of exercise addiction. The scale has good psychometric properties and can measure the risk of exercise addiction among Chinese college students. Second, there were gender differences in exercise volume and exercise intensity among Chinese college students and there was still room to improve the adherence to exercise among the non-sport major students. Third, the risk of problematic exercise among Chinese college students seemed to be higher than reported in the Western cultures, and the risk of problematic exercise was observed higher in men than in women and in sport-related major students than in non-sport major students, reminding us of paying attention to these risk groups. Fourth, compulsive exercise was most closely related to eating disorder symptoms, and it partly mediated negative emotion and eating disorder symptoms among sport major students. This study validated a tool for measuring exercise addiction, clarified the current situation and characteristics of problematic exercise patterns among college students in China. Future prospects and suggestions were proposed based on these findings. |
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