健康与遗传心理学研究室知识库

新冠疫情对人们造成多种负面影响。认知理论解释了人们在面对压力源时心理韧性和注意偏向等个体差异对心理健康结果产生不同影响，因此，在新冠疫情的背景下，了解这些差异的具体表现至关重要。网络理论认为心理症状之间复杂的相互作用是心理发展的本质特征。因此，本研究首先修订新冠疫情压力源量表，再基于认知理论和网络理论，采用网络分析和中介分析方法，系统的了解新冠疫情压力源对创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)和幸福感影响过程的复杂性和发展机制。

研究1修订和验证儿童和青少年新冠疫情压力源量表，并考察新冠疫情期间人口学特征对中小学生心理压力的影响。采用整群抽样，在江苏、福建两省发生新冠疫情期间，对10-18岁的学生发送自我报告问卷。通过对1815份数据进行统计分析，修订新冠疫情压力源量表。在完成量表修订后采用描述性统计分析中小学生感受到的新冠疫情压力差异，并运用分层回归进一步检验相关因素对新冠疫情压力源变异的解释能力。修订后的新冠疫情压力源量表包括疾病压力源、信息压力源、措施压力源、环境压力源4个维度，量表具有良好的信度和效度。非独生子女感受到的新冠疫情压力高于独生子女;中小学生的新冠疫情压力感受随年级增高则呈增高趋势;周围的新冠感染者越少，学生感受到的新冠疫情压力越小。

研究2通过使用新冠疫情压力源量表、注意偏向量表、心理韧性量表、儿童版事件影响量表、牛津幸福问卷对1527名10-18岁的学生进行施测，评估新冠疫情压力源、心理韧性、注意偏向、PTSD和幸福感水平。采用网络分析方法以数据驱动的方式深入了解症状、变量和结构之间的复杂关系，并可视化它们如何彼此交互。结果显示变量之间通过特定节点形成具有较高稳定性和精确度的网络结构。具有较高节点强度的是效能感、自我消极注意偏向、满意感、自我积极注意偏向;而具有较高预期影响的是自我积极注意偏向、满意感、自我消极注意偏向、效能感、信息压力源、侵入;同时，识别出关键桥梁节点自我积极注意偏向、自我消极注意偏向、心理韧性，这些节点可预测性和桥梁强度也较高，说明它们在整个网络结构内发挥重要作用，并最具有连通性。

研究3依据认知理论和研究二网络分析结果建立变量之间的关系模型，提出中介路径假设并检验。研究探讨了新冠疫情压力源对PTSD和幸福感造成的影响。结果表明新冠疫情压力源不能直接影响幸福感和PTSD，但却能通过心理韧性和消极注意偏向的中介作用分别影响幸福感和PTSD，同时新冠疫情压力源可以间接通过心理韧性和积极注意偏向的链式中介影响幸福感。本研究在比较所有路径效应后发现，消极注意偏向在对心理结果的影响上表现出更强的解释能力。

本研究结论包括:

(1)修订后的新冠疫情压力源量表包括疾病压力源、信息压力源、措施压力源、环境压力源4个维度，是适用于评估中国文化背景下儿童与青少新冠疫情压力源的测量工具。本研究证实在新冠疫情期间，信息压力源的影响力最大，且儿童和青少对自我相关信息表现得更为敏感。启示我们在疫情期间需要重视信息过载的情况，以维护心理健康。

(2)新冠疫情压力源下，心理韧性能帮助个体产生积极注意偏向(主要是自我积极注意偏向)，而消极的注意偏向与心理韧性无关。同时，心理韧性和积极注意偏向可以帮助儿童和青少年应对新冠疫情压力源造成的不良影响，在削弱PTSD症状以及恢复幸福感中扮演着并行和链式中介作用。

(3)新冠疫情压力源并不能直接导致幸福感下降或者PTSD，但可以通过消极注意偏向导致幸福感下降和PTSD症状。具体表现是通过自我消极注意偏向的侵入，从而导致PTSD;同时，自我消极注意偏向通过影响效能感，造成幸福感下降。在新冠疫情期间，儿童和青少年的注意力更容易被负面信息吸引导致PTSD和幸福感下降。

本研究的发现有助于对新冠疫情下的儿童和青少年心理发展过程更系统的评估和为干预治疗提供更丰富的信息。

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a variety of negative impacts on children and individuals. Cognitive theory explains how individual differences, such as resilience and attentional bias, have different effects on psychological health outcomes when facing stressors. Therefore, in the context of the COVID一19 pandemic, it is crucial to understand these differences in specific manifestations. Network theory suggests that complex interactions among psychological symptoms are an essential characteristic of psychological development. This study first revised the COVID一19 stressors scale for children and adolescents and then used network and mediation analysis methods based on cognitive and network theories to systematically understand the complexity and developmental mechanisms of the impact of COVID一19 stressors on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and well-being.

In Study 1，we aimed to revise and validate a COVID一19 stressors scale suitable for Chinese children and adolescents and to examine the impact of demographic characteristics on the psychological stress of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. A self-report questionnaire was sent to children and adolescents aged 10-18 years in Jiangsu and Fujian provinces in China using cluster sampling after a new round of COVID-19 outbreaks occurred. Based on the statistical analysis of 1815 responses, the COVID一19 stressors scale was revised. After revising the scale, differences in COVID-19 stress experienced by children and adolescents were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Hierarchical regression analysis was then employed to further examine the explanatory power of related factors on the variation of COVID一19 stressors sources. The revised COVID-19 stressors scale demonstrated good reliability and validity. Non-only children experienced higher levels of COVID一19 stress than only children, and the perceived COVID-19 stress of children and adolescents increased with grade level. Moreover, the fewer the COVID一19 infections in the surrounding area, the lower the COVID-19 stress felt by students.

In Study 2, a sample of 1527 Chinese children and adolescents aged 10 to 18 years completed a battery of self-report measures, including the Revised COVID一19 stressors scale, the Attention to Positive and Negative Information Scale, the Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Child Impact of Events Scale, and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, to assess their levels of COVID一19 stressors, resilience, attentional bias, well-being, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Using network analysis, we explored the complex relationships among symptoms, variables, and structures in a data-driven manner and visualized how they interacted with each other. The results showed that the variables formed a highly stable and precise network structure through specific symptom associations. The symptoms with high node strength were efficacy, self-negative attentional bias, satisfaction, and self-positive attentional bias, while the symptoms with high expected impact were self-positive attentional bias, satisfaction, self-negative attentional bias, efficacy, information stressors, and intrusion. In addition, key bridge nodes were identified, namely self-positive attentional bias, self-negative attentional bias, and psychological resilience, which had high predictability and bridge strength, indicating their important roles and connectivity in the entire network structure.

In Study 3, based on the cognitive theory and the network analysis results of Study 2, Study 3 established a model of the relationships among variables, proposed and tested the mediation hypotheses. This study explored the effects of COVID一19 stressors on PTSD and well-being. The results showed that COVID一19 stressors could not directly affect well-being and PTSD but could indirectly influence them through the mediating effects of resilience and negative attentional bias, respectively. Additionally, COVID-19 stressors could indirectly affect well-being through the chain mediation effects of resilience and positive attentional bias. Among all the path effects, the results revealed that negative attentional bias had a stronger explanatory power in influencing psychological outcomes.

The conclusions of this study are:

(1) The revised COVID一19 epidemic stressors scale includes four dimensions: disease stressors, information stressors, measures stressors and environmental stressors. The revised Scale is a suitable measurement tool for assessing COVID一19 stressors in children and adolescents in the Chinese cultural context. This study confirmed that information stressors had the greatest influence during the epidemic in COVID一19, and children and adolescents were more sensitive to self-related information. It enlightens us that we need to pay attention to information overload during the epidemic to maintain mental health.

(2) Under the stressor of COVID-19 epidemic, resilience can help individuals to produce positive attention bias (mainly self-positive attention bias), while the negative attention bias has nothing to do with resilience. At the same time, resilience and positive attention bias can help children and adolescents cope with the adverse effects caused by the stressors of COVID-19 epidemic, and play a parallel and chain intermediary role in weakening the symptoms of PTSD and restoring well-being.

(3) The stressors of COVID-19 epidemic situation can not directly lead to the decline of happiness or PTSD, but can lead to the decline of well-being and PTSD symptoms through negative attention bias. The specific manifestation is the invasion of self-negative attention bias, which leads to PTSD; At the same time, the self-negative attention bias affects the sense of efficacy, resulting in a decline in happiness. During the COVID-19 epidemic, children and adolescents are more likely to be attracted by negative information, which leads to the decrease of PTSD and well-being.

The findings of this study contribute to a more systematic evaluation of the psychological development process of children and adolescents in COVID一19 epidemic and provide more abundant information for intervention treatment.