健康与遗传心理学研究室知识库

校园受欺凌问题在全球范围内普遍发生，已成为影响青少年身心健康成长的重要问题之一。目前校园受欺凌领域的多数研究主要采用变量为中心的方法，这一方法往往会忽略校园欺凌具有多类型共发的特征，可能远离了受欺凌者的真实遭遇。因此，越来越多学者建议采用以个人为中心的方法研究校园受欺凌问题，从而可以提供更为丰富和真实的信息。在社会生态系统理论视角下的校园受欺凌问题的相关因素研究上，我国研究也较为缺乏多社会生态系统联合考察的研究。多数研究只探讨了个人因素、家庭因素、学校因素的影响，缺乏对更宏观因素的考察。

因此，本研究通过全国性的系统抽样，采用以个人为中心的方法来探索我国校园受欺凌问题的发生现状，并运用社会生态系统理论的框架考察受欺凌问题与多系统相关因素之间关系。

研究一旨在探索我国初高中生的校园受欺凌潜在模式及各模式间的心理健康差异。研究一调查了我国27个省市的17916名初高中生，并通过潜在类别分析探索受欺凌的潜在模式及比较各模式在心理健康风险上的差异。研究发现: C1)初中组和高中组中各发现了四种不同的潜在受欺凌模式，即:初中言语-关系一网络受凌组、初中高风险受凌组、初中现实模式受凌组、初中低风险组、高中言语一造谣一网络受凌组、高中高风险受凌组、高中言语一关系组、高中低风险组。C2)相比高中生，初中生的受欺凌潜在模式卷入概率更高。(3)不同潜在受欺凌模式的心理健康风险存在显著差异。(4)初中各潜在模式组的心理健康风险高于高中各组。

研究二旨在基于社会生态系统视角探索各潜在受欺凌模式的相关因素，样本同研究一。研究二采用分层的广义线性混合模型逐步考察个体、家庭、学校、社区、地区因素如何预测潜在受欺凌模式的分类。研究发现:（1)不同潜在受欺凌模式的相关因素存在差异。C2)同伴支持、教师支持、核心自我评价、社区安全程度可以稳定预测多数潜在受欺凌模式的分类。

综上所述，本研究得出如下结论:（1)我国校园受欺凌现象发生较为普遍。在初中和高中学段，呈现出不同的潜在受欺凌模式。初中生的受欺凌风险更高。（2)不同潜在受欺凌模式会引起不同程度的心理健康风险。初中生遭受欺凌带来的心理健康风险更高。(3)个体因素、家庭因素、学校因素、社区因素、地区因素协同作用于受欺凌现象。不同的潜在受欺凌模式在影响因素上有较大差异，但仍有一定的共通因素。本研究较为全面地描绘了当下我国校园受欺凌问题发生状况，为政策制定工作、基础教育工作提供了参考。

Evidence indicates that being bullied is a public health problem in various countries with a relatively high prevalence among school-aged adolescents. Being bullied could trigger a series of psychosomatic problems and mental health risks. Most existing studies have employed a variable-centered approach to study bullying victimization in China. This kind of approach focuses mainly on the mean level differences across victim students and usually ignores the variations in students' real experiences of victimization. In that case, a growing body of literature has applied person-centered approaches (e.g., cluster analysis, latent class analysis) to investigate victimization. Compared to variable-centered approaches, person-centered approaches are considered to provide more precise and abundant information to understand the complexity of students’ real experiences and the co-occurrence of different types of victimization. Guided by Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, researchers emphasized that peer victimization should be considered as the consequence of the interplay between personal and ecological factors. Given the majority of studies conducted in China focus on individual context, family context, and school context, less is known about multiple systems' influence on bullying victimization.

To address these limitations, this study aimed to examine the patterns of bullying victimization by employing a person-centered approach in a nationwide adolescent sample and explore the correlation between peer victimization and relevant ecological factors.

Study I aimed to explore the potential patterns of bullying in schools and the differences in mental health between middle and high school students in China. Based on a nationally representative sample of 17916 middle and high school students, Latent class analyses were performed to explore the potential patterns of bullying victimization, and ANO VA tests were performed to compare the differences in mental health outcomes between latent classes. The results indicate: (1) Four different bullying victimization patterns were found in both the middle school group and the high school group. A verbal-relational-cyber victims pattern, a high-risk victims pattern, a non-cyber victims pattern, and a low-risk victims pattern were identified in middle school group. A verbal-rumor-cyber victims pattern, a high-risk victims pattern, a verbal-relational victims pattern, and a low-risk victims pattern were identified in high school group. (2) Middle school students were more likely to be involved in bullying victimization than high school students; (3) Significant differences in mental health outcomes were found among bullying victimization patterns. (4) Middle school students have a higher risk of mental health problems than their high school counterparts.

Study II aimed to explore the association between protective and risk factors and bullying victimization patterns. The sample was the same as the study one. Generalized linear mixed models were used to investigate whether individual, family, school, community, and regional factors could predict the classification of victimization patterns. The results indicate: (1) Different bullying victimization patterns were related to different socio-ecological factors; (2) Peer support, teacher support, core self-evaluation, and community safety could predict most of the bullying victimization patterns.

The conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) Bullying Victimization is prevalent in Chinese middle and high schools. In middle and high school, different patterns of bullying Victimization were found. Middle school students are at higher risk of bullying victimization. (2) Different patterns were associated with different degrees of risk of mental health problems. Middle school students are at higher risk of mental health problems. (3) This Study identified a series of individual factors, family factors, school factors, community factors, and regional factors contributing to the classification of bullying victimization patterns. Different bullying victimization patterns were related to different factors.