认知与发展心理学研究室知识库

以往研究发现，信息呈现方式(描述信息和经验信息)影响风险决策，导致人们对于小概率事件的发生概率会产生不同的估计，进而产生不同的风险决策行为结果。其中描述性信息呈现方式指给被试明确地描述选项的概率和相关成本信息，而经验性信息呈现方式指不给被试明确地描述选项的概率和相关成本信息，被试需要依靠若干次体验后形成对选项的个人经验信息。以往关于信息呈现方式影响风险决策的研究多以成人为被试。青少年时期是体能和智力快速发展的时期，也是风险行为的高发期。少量研究者通过探索不同的信息呈现方式对青少年风险决策的影响来寻找降低青少年风险行为的方法，但当前研究存在以下的问题:1.由于涉及青少年被试的研究较少，信息呈现方式对风险决策影响的研究结论在年龄维度上是否具有稳定性存在争议;2.现有信息呈现方式对风险决策的研究集中于个体决策情景，且研究多采用收益信息，缺乏对损失信息条件下的行为考察，影响结论在不同信息效价和群体决策情境中的推广;3.现有研究在解释信息呈现方式对青少年风险决策影响机制时没有同时考虑青少年与成人在情绪调节、认知控制和冲动性上的差异，导致相关研究仅能解释信息呈现方式对成人的影响机制，但无法有效解释信息呈现方式对青少年风险决策的影响机制。有鉴于此，本研究通过三个研究来探索信息呈现方式对青少年个体和群体风险决策的影响和机制。

研究选取了3个年龄组(14岁初中组、16岁高中组和18岁大学组)作为研究被试，在研究一中，我们首先通过网络元分析来初步确定信息呈现方式以及其他因素对个体和群体决策的影响是否存在差异。在初步确定了信息呈现方式对个体和群体决策的影响后，在研究二中我们通过红绿灯实验和DE研究范式探索信息呈现方式对青少年和成人的个体和群体风险决策(两人一组)影响的主效应，以及信息呈现方式与信息效价等因素对不同年龄青少年的个体和群体风险决策的共同影响。研究三在研究二的基础上，进一步通过结构方程模型和机器学习来探索信息呈现方式与各因素对青少年个体和群体风险决策的影响机制。结果表明:

（1)信息呈现方式对个体风险决策和群体风险决策的主效应显著。描述信息呈现下个体风险决策和群体风险决策中的被试均比经验信息呈现下的被试更偏好风险。信息呈现方式对不同年龄青少年的影响没有显著差异。

（2)信息呈现方式与信息效价对个体风险决策的交互作用显著，获得效价下，描述信息呈现被试的个体风险偏好显著高于经验信息呈现被试的个体风险偏好，损失效价下，描述信息呈现被试的风险偏好比经验信息呈现被试的低，但两者的差异不显著。信息呈现方式与信息效价对群体风险决策的交互作用不显著。此外，信息呈现方式与信息效价对不同年龄青少年的影响没有显著差异。

(3)冲动性在信息呈现方式影响青少年个体风险决策中存在显著的部分中介作用。情绪调节和冲动性，认知控制和冲动性在信息呈现方式影响青少年个体风险决策中存在显著的有调节的中介作用。认知控制和冲动性在信息呈现方式对青少年群体风险决策的影响关系中存在显著的有调节中介效应。但冲动性和情绪调节在信息呈现方式对青少年群体风险决策的影响关系中的有调节中介效应不显著。此外，按年龄组进行的分层结构方程模型显示，信息呈现方式对不同年龄被试的个体和群体风险决策的作用机制模型存在差异。

综上所述，本研究获得了有关信息呈现方式对青少年个体/群体风险决策影响的新证据并初步探索了信息呈现方式对青少年风险决策的影响机制。这不仅有助于我们更好地理解信息呈现方式影响青少年风险决策的机制，也为未来建立更准确的青少年风险预测模型，并开展青少年不良风险行为临床干预实践提供了理论支持。

Previous studies have found that the way of information presentation affects risk decision-making, leading to different estimates of the occurrence probability of low-probability events, and thus different results of risk decision-making behavior. Among them, the presentation mode of descriptive information refers to the explicit description of the probability and related cost information of the option for the subject, while the presentation mode of experience information refers to the non-explicit description of the probability and related cost information of the option for the subject. The subject needs to form personal experience information about the option after several experiences. Previous studies have mostly involved adults. Adolescence is a period of rapid physical and intellectual development, as well as a high incidence of risky behaviors. A small number of researchers seek ways to reduce adolescents' risky behaviors by exploring the influence of different information presentation on adolescents' risk decision-making, but the current research has the following problems: 1 .Since there are few studies involving adolescent subjects, whether the research conclusions on the influence of information presentation on risk decision-making are stable in age dimension is controversial. 2. Existing studies on risk decision-making by information presentation focus on individual decision-making scenarios, and most studies use income information, lacking behavior investigation under the condition of loss information, which affects the generalization of conclusions in different information titer and group decision-making scenarios; 3. Existing studies fail to consider the differences between adolescents and adults in emotional regulation, cognitive control and impulsivity when explaining the mechanism of influence of information presentation on adolescents' risk decision-making. As a result, relevant studies can explain the mechanism of influence of information presentation on adults, but cannot effectively explain the mechanism of influence of information presentation on adolescents' risk decision-making. In view of this, three studies were conducted to explore the effects and mechanisms of information presentation on individual and group risk decision-making among adolescents.

Three age groups (14 year old adolescent group, 16 year old adolescent group and 18 year old group) were selected as research subjects. In study 1，we first used network meta-analysis to preliminarily determine whether there were differences in the influence of information presentation style and other factors on individual and group decision-making. After initially determining the influence of information presentation style on individual and group decision making, in Study 2, we specifically explore the main effect of information presentation style on individual and group risk decision making of adolescents and adults (two-person group), as well as the common influence of information presentation style, information titer and other factors on individual and group risk decision making of adolescents and adults. On the basis of study 2, Study 3 attempts to explore the influence mechanism of information presentation style and various factors on adolescents' individual and group risk decision-making through SEM and machine learning. The results show that:

(1) The main effect of information presentation on individual and group risk decision-making is significant. The subjects presented with description information preferred risk more than those presented with experience information in both individual and group risk decisions. There was no significant difference in the impact of information presentation on adolescents in different age groups.

(2) The interaction between information presentation and information titer on individual risk decision-making was significant. Under titer acquisition, the individual risk preference of the subjects presented with description information was significantly higher than that of the subjects presented with experience information; under titer loss, the participate in description information show lower risk preference than participate in experience information, but the difference was not significant. The interaction between information presentation style and information titer on group risk decision is not significant. In addition, the influence of information presentation and information titer on adolescents in different age groups is insignificant.

(3) Impulsivity plays a partial mediating role in the influence of information presentation on adolescents' individual risk decision-making. Emotional regulation and impulsivity, cognitive control and impulsivity have significant moderating mediating effects on the influence of information presentation on adolescents' individual risk decision-making. Cognitive control and impulsivity have significant moderating mediating effect on the relationship between information presentation style and adolescents' group risk decision-making. However, impulsivity and emotion regulation have no significant mediating effect on the relationship between information presentation style and adolescents' group risk decision-making. In addition, hierarchical structural equation models by age group showed that information presentation had different mechanisms for individual and group risk decision making in different age groups.

In conclusion, this study has obtained new evidence about the impact of information presentation on adolescents' individual/group risk decision-making and preliminarily explored the mechanism of the impact of information presentation on adolescents' risk decision-making. This not only helps us better understand the mechanism of information presentation affecting adolescents' risk decision-making, but also provides theoretical support for establishing more accurate adolescent risk prediction models in the future and carrying out clinical intervention practice of adolescent adverse risk behaviors.