健康与遗传心理学研究室知识库

阅读是幼儿了解世界与获取知识的主要方式。在个体生命早期的初始阶段，亲子阅读是最主要的阅读形式，也是近些年父母和孩子在家庭情境中最主要的互动方式之一。以往研究发现，早期亲子阅读对儿童未来学业成就、语言、读写能力、社会性等诸多方面均有重要的正向影响。因此，亲子阅读的状况及其影响机制备受研究者们的关注。亲子阅读会受到多种因素的影响，而以往相关研究中，缺乏关于家庭功能的探讨。基于家庭系统理论，研究者认为夫妻子系统作为家庭系统的核心，影响着其他子系统（如亲子子系统）的功能。婚姻满意度是夫妻子系统的重要变量，对反映亲子子系统的亲子互动产生重要影响。因此，本研究以 家庭系统理论为理论依据，结合质性和量化的研究方法，深入全面地探索家庭亲子阅读状况以及婚姻满意度对亲子阅读影响的作用机制，为提高亲子阅读质量，促进儿童健康发展提供参考依据。

本研究共包含两个研究。研究一为质性研究，首先通过观察法对30对2~3 岁幼儿母子的亲子阅读视频进行编码分析，而后再选取5名幼儿母亲进行深度访谈，初步考察家庭亲子阅读状况。研究二为量化研究，以307名1~3岁幼儿母亲为被试，让其自我报告母亲婚姻满意度、父亲共同养育、儿童意志控制、亲子阅读的情况。使用t检验和单因素方差分析对主要变量进行差异检验，运用 SPSS PROCESS宏程序进行中介效应及有调节的中介效应检验。

研究一的观察法结果显示：(1)亲子阅读中，母亲和孩子在提高对文本的注意上的阅读行为最多，在提升互动并支持理解上的行为相对较少，几乎没有使用较为复杂的读写策略。(2)母子阅读行为在以上三个维度上均呈显著正相关。叙事研究的结果显示，母亲在婚姻关系中的良好感受、父亲在子女教养中的主动参与和对母亲的积极配合均有利于亲子阅读活动的开展。

研究二的研究结果显示：(1) 女孩母亲的婚姻满意度显著高于男孩母亲，非独生子女儿童母亲的婚姻满意度显著高于独生子女儿童的母亲；在父亲受教育程度上，硕士及以上组的母亲婚姻满意度得分显著高于本科组，而本科组又显著高于大专及以下组；在母亲受教育程度上，硕士及以上组和本科组的母亲婚姻满意度得分均显著高于大专及以下组，但硕士及以上组和本科组的得分无显著差异。在家庭月收入上，月收入2万元及以上的家庭母亲婚姻满意度得分要显著高于1万元及以下组和1.5-2 万元组。(2)母亲婚姻满意度、亲子阅读、父亲积极共同养育、儿童意志控制均两两呈正相关。(3) 母亲婚姻满意度通过父亲共同养育的完全中介作用间接影响亲子阅读。(4)儿童意志控制调节了中介路径的前半段，低意志控制水平的儿童增强了母亲较低的婚姻满意度对父亲积极共同养育的消极影响。

研究结论：亲子阅读中，母子在提高对文本的注意方面表现良好，而阅读策略的使用较差；母亲在提高对文本的注意、提升互动并支持理解、使用读写策略上的积极表现能够引发儿童的正向反馈；在家庭影响因素中，母亲婚姻满意度能 够对亲子阅读产生正向影响，父亲积极的共同养育行为起到了完全中介作用；儿童的意志控制在中介路径的前半段起调节作用，即相比高意志控制水平的儿童，低意志控制的儿童中，母亲婚姻满意度对父亲积极共同养育的影响更大。研究有利于从家庭系统理论不同子系统及其相互作用的视角理解家庭因素对亲子阅读的影响机制。亲子阅读质量的提升不仅要关注每一位家庭成员及其功能的影响， 更要重视这些因素间的整体作用。

Reading is the main way to understand the world and acquire knowledge for young children. Parent-child shared book reading (SBR) is the most important form of reading in early years of an individual's life and one of the most important ways of parent-child interactions in recent years. Previous studies have found that SBR has significant positive effects on children's future academic achievement, language, literacy, social and many other developments. Therefore, the status and influencing mechanisms of SBR have attracted a lot of researchers. Studies have shown that SBR is influenced by various factors. However, there was a lack of discussion of family functioning in existing studies. Based on the family system theory, researchers believed that the husband-wife subsystems, as the core of the family system, affected the functions of other subsystems (such as parent-child subsystems). Marital satisfaction played an important role in the marital subsystem that has a significant impact on parent-child interaction. Therefore, based on the family system theory, this study combined a qualitative and quantitative research design to explore the status of SBR, and the mechanism of the impact of marital satisfaction on SBR, to provide reference for improving the quality of SBR and promoting the healthy development of children.

This study consisted of two studies. Study 1 was a qualitative study. Firstly, a total of 30 mother-child dyads’ reading videos were coded through observation methods. Then five mothers of young children were selected for in-depth interviews to further analyze the specific situation of SBR using the narrative inquiry. Study 2 was quantitative research. 307 participants were measured using a questionnaire to investigate maternal marital satisfaction, paternal co-parenting, children’s effortful control and SBR. T-test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze differences in major variables, and the SPSS PROCESS macro program was used to test the mediating effect and moderated mediating effect.

The results of the qualitative research from Study 1 showed that: (1) In SBR, enhancing attention to text was the most frequently observed category for both mothers and children. Promoting interactive reading and supporting comprehension behaviors were also observed, but less frequently, and behaviors from the using literacy strategies were infrequently observed. (2) There is a significant positive correlation between mother and child’s reading behaviors in three dimensions. According to the narrative inquiry findings, a positive sense of mothers in their marriages, fathers’ active participation in child-rearing and their positive cooperation with mothers was beneficial for SBR activities.

Results from study 2 showed that: (1) Mothers of girls have higher marital satisfaction than mothers of boys, and mothers of non-only children have higher marital satisfaction than mothers of only children. In terms of father's education level, the maternal marital satisfaction of the master's degree and above group was significantly higher than that of bachelor's degree group, which was higher than that of junior college and below group. In terms of mother's education level, the maternal marital satisfaction of master's degree and above group and bachelor's degree group were significantly higher than that of junior college and below group, but there was no significant difference between the master's degree and above group and the bachelor's degree group. In terms of monthly family income, the maternal marital satisfaction in the family which have a monthly income of 20,000 yuan and above was significantly higher than that in the 10,000 yuan and below group and the 15,000-20,000 yuan group. (2) There were positive correlations between maternal marital satisfaction, SBR, paternal co-parenting, and children’s effortful control. (3) Paternal co-parenting completely mediated the relationship between maternal marital satisfaction and SBR. (4) Low levels of children’s effortful control strengthened the negative impact of lower maternal marital satisfaction on positive paternal co-parenting.

Conclusion: Mothers and children performance best in enhancing attention to text, but little use of reading strategies. Mother’s behaviors in SBR on three dimensions of enhancing attention to text, promoting interactive reading and supporting comprehension, using literacy strategies lead to positive feedback of children. Family factor of maternal marital satisfaction had a positive effect on SBR, and paternal co-parenting played a complete mediating role. Children’s effortful control mediated the pathway from maternal marital satisfaction to paternal co-parenting. Children with low levels of effortful control amplified the influence of maternal marital satisfaction on paternal co-parenting, especially when mothers are dissatisfied with their marriage. These findings contribute to our understanding of how family factors impact SBR from different subsystems of family system theory. The improvement of SBR quality should not only pay attention to each family members and its function, but also to the combined influence of those factors.