健康与遗传心理学研究室知识库

社交退缩是幼儿较常见内化问题行为，常引发一系列心理社会适应不良，在陌生环境中表现出害怕、谨慎，遇到陌生人表现出害羞等特点。社交退缩多发生在年龄较小的幼儿群体中，并造成严重的危害性，例如童年早期社交退缩与较低自尊、社会认知功能障碍、社交能力弱、亲社会行为减少有关，往往引发幼儿焦虑情绪，较少使用积极应对的策略。到童年晚期预示成年后社交生活不活跃以及成年生活事件延迟。本研究旨在通过知识图谱可视化研究，探究幼儿社交退缩行为影响因素；并进一步建立幼儿社交退缩形成内部机制，通过个案研究验证并补充可能引起社交退缩其他变量，为寻求保护性因素降低发生率提供依据。

本研究基于文献研究和文献可视化分析，深入了解幼儿社交退缩领域的研究 进展并探测不同研究前沿转化和趋势，为实证研究提供证据支持。利用CiteSpace, Bibliometrix, Tableau 知识图谱分析软件，选取中国知网(CNKI)数据库和 Web of Science(WoS)数据库为数据来源，以“Keyword” “Institution” “Author” “Country”为 网络节点，分别形成高频关键词图谱、高产作者图谱及国家分布等图谱，对国内外幼儿社交退缩领域相关研究论文研究现状、研究热点及研究前沿分析，探究幼儿社交退缩行为影响因素。研究结果表明，幼儿社交退缩领域 WoS 数据库文献研究起步早且发展迅速，而CNKI 数据库文献研究发展较落后；总体该领域作者合作较少，仅核心作者合作紧密；目前研究热点为社交退缩幼儿的社会适应及不同教养方式；从研究趋势看母亲正念养育、干预措施等是该领域持续关注内容。未来一段时间幼儿社交退缩影响因素、养育环境等将是国内幼儿社交退缩研究热点。

本研究还探讨了母亲正念与幼儿社交退缩行为的关系，及正念养育、亲子关系和幼儿趋避气质其间可能中介和调节作用。选取北京、山东、江苏三地幼儿园儿童母亲共 605 人，采用正念注意觉知量表（MAAS）、儿童社会偏好量表（CSPS）、 正念养育量表（IM-P）、亲子关系（CPRS）量表、儿童气质问卷（PTQ）分别对母亲正念、社交退缩、正念养育、亲子关系、幼儿趋避气质测量；采用个案研究法、访谈法探讨幼儿社交退缩产生的其他原因。研究结果表明，幼儿 CSPS 得分 与 MAAS、IM-P、CPRS 和 PTQ 得分均负相关（r =-0.65～-0.16,均 P＜0.01）；正念养育和亲子关系得分在母亲正念与幼儿社交退缩得分之间起链式中介作用，亲子关系得分在母亲正念与幼儿社交退缩行为得分之间起中介作用，中介效应分别为-0.05、-0.04，各占总效应的20%、16%。调节效应检验结果表明，母亲正念通 过正念养育、亲子关系进而影响幼儿社交退缩链式中介通径中，幼儿趋避气质通过调节前半段影响整个通径。此外，采用个案研究对社交退缩行为严重的幼儿母亲进行访谈，以便深入分析幼儿社交退缩行为背后更深层原因。

结论：母亲正念可以直接作用于幼儿的社交退缩行为，即母亲正念水平越高，幼儿社交退缩行为越低，正念养育和亲子关系在母亲正念与幼儿社交退缩行为之间起链式中介作用，亲子关系在两者之间起部分中介作用；正念养育的形成是基于母亲正念特质与幼儿的趋避气质共同影响，且幼儿趋近气质能加强母亲正念与正念养育关系，女孩的趋避气质更能调节母亲正念与正念养育的关系，男孩的趋避气质在两者之间不起调节作用；通过个案访谈，幼儿社交退缩行为形成原因还包括幼儿先天生理基础、母亲正念水平、母亲气质类型、父亲参与程度、夫妻关系、老人隔代养育等因素。

Social withdrawal behavior is a common internalized behavior problem of young children, which often leads to a series of psychosocial adjustment disorders, such as fear and caution in unfamiliar environments and shyness when encountering strangers. Social withdrawal tends to occur in young children and causes serious problems. For example, social withdrawal in early childhood is associated with lower self-esteem, lower social cognition, lower social competence, and lower pro-social behaviors. It has been proved to lead to feelings of anxiety using fewer coping strategies. By late childhood predicts an inactive social life in adulthood and delayed adult life events. This study aims to explore the possible factors that influence young children’s social withdrawal behaviors through the visualization of knowledge mapping and to further establish the internal mechanisms of the social withdrawal in young children, to validate and supplement other variables that may cause social withdrawal through case studies, providing empirical support for protective factors to reduce the incidence.

This study is based on literature research and literature visualization and analysis, gaining insights into the research progress in the field of social withdrawal in young children and to detect changes and trends between different research frontiers and to provide empirical support for this study. Using CiteSpace, Bibliometrix, and Tableau knowledge graph analysis software to analyze database from CNKI and WoS. The nodes are “Keyword” “Institution” “Author” and “Country” to form high citation words, authors with the most publications, geographic distribution respectively, analyzing the research status, research hotspots and research frontiers on young children's social withdrawal. Moreover, exploring the influencing factors on young children’s social withdrawal behaviors. The WoS database literature in the field of social withdrawal in young children started early and developed rapidly, while the CNKI database literature is lagging behind; In general, the authors in this field collaborate less, and only the core authors have a close cooperation network; the hot spots of the current research mainly focus on the social adaptation of socially withdrawn young children and their parenting styles; The trend of research shows that mindful parenting and interventions are continuing concerns in this area. In the future, the causes of social withdrawal in young children and the parenting environment will be the hotspots of social withdrawal research in China.

This study also explores the relationship between maternal mindfulness and young children’s social withdrawal behavior, including the possible mediating effect of mindful parenting, parent-child relationships and the possible moderating effect of approach or withdrawal temperament in it. A total of 605 mothers of preschoolers was recruited in the study to complete the questionnaires of Child Social Preference Scale (CSPS), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale (IM-P), Parent Temperament Questionnaire (PTQ) to evaluate maternal mindfulness, children’s social withdrawal, mindful parenting, parent-child relationship and children’s withdrawal temperament respectively. The CSPS scores were negatively correlated with the scores of MAAS, IM-P, CPRS, PTQ(r =-0.65-0.16, p＜0.01). Mindful parenting and parent-child relationship play a chain mediating role between maternal mindfulness and young children's social withdrawal, and parent-child relationship plays a mediating role between maternal mindfulness and young children's social withdrawal, with effect values of 0.05 and 0.04, respectively, accounting for 20% and 16% of the total effect. The results of the moderating effect test indicate that the approach or withdrawal temperament can moderate the chain mediation model. So the higher level of maternal mindfulness, the lower level of young children’s social withdrawal behavior. The mindful parenting and parent-child relationship play a partial mediating role between maternal mindfulness and social withdrawal behavior. The approach temperament of young children can strengthen the relationship between maternal mindfulness and mindful parenting. Through the typical case study, the deep reasons behind the social withdrawal behaviors were cleared, and based on this, thoughts and suggestions for improving the young children’s social withdrawal behaviors were proposed.

Conclusion: maternal mindfulness can directly affect young children's social withdrawal behavior, the higher the level of maternal mindfulness, the lower the young children's social withdrawal behavior. Mindful parenting and parent-child relationship play a chain mediating role between maternal mindfulness and young children's social withdrawal behavior, and the parent-child relationship plays a partial mediating role between the two. The formation of mindful parenting is influenced by maternal mindfulness and young children's approach or withdrawal temperament, and young children's approach temperament can strengthen the relationship between maternal mindfulness and mindful parenting, while boys' approach or withdrawal temperament does not play a moderating role between them. The causes of social withdrawal behavior in young children also include factors such as the child's innate physiological basis, the mother's level of maternal mindfulness, the type of mother's temperament, father's involvement, husband-wife relationship, and the grandparents’ parenting.